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91.
F. Edwin. Harvey 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2005,41(2):447-460
ABSTRACT: Where data are available, hydrologic studies may use precipitation's stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope composition to investigate streamflow, ground water/surface water interaction, and ground water recharge. Paleoclimate studies utilize the δ18Oprecipitation‐Tair relationship, in conjunction with lake sediments, fossils, or old ground waters, for example, to estimate pale‐otemperatures. Ecological studies utilize precipitation and soil water isotope composition to track moisture uptake in plants, and to trace species migration patterns. Such studies require that the isotopic composition of precipitation be known. Oxygen‐18 (δ18O) and deuterium (δ2H) data for precipitation are lacking in the semi‐arid portion of the north‐central U.S. Great Plains, and thus there is a need to establish additional meteoric water lines as isotope input functions across the region, as well as to develop better understanding of the isotopic climate linkages that control oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios in precipitation. This study determined the δ18O and δ2H composition of precipitation in the Pawnee Grasslands of northeastern Colorado from 1994 through 1998 using archived National Atmospheric Deposition Program samples. The resulting local water line follows the relationship δ2H = 7.86 δ18O‐7.66, and the data show a δ18Oweekly ‐ Tweekly relationship of δ18O = 0.560‐T (°C)‐18.8. 相似文献
92.
Vivien W. Forner Djurre Holtrop Edwin J. Boezeman Gavin R. Slemp Magdalena Kotek Darja Kragt Mina Askovic Anya Johnson 《组织行为杂志》2024,45(3):434-458
Volunteers represent a global workforce equivalent to 61 million full-time workers. A significant decline in volunteering has highlighted the urgency to better understand and address turnover amongst volunteers. To address this, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of turnover amongst volunteers. We also examined whether staying or leaving has different predictors. The meta-analysis integrated and synthesized 117 studies, encompassing 1104 effect sizes across 55 335 volunteer workers, to identify and quantify relationships between turnover and the broad range of variables that have been examined in the volunteer work domain. Amongst the strongest predictors of volunteer turnover were attitudinal variables, in particular, job satisfaction (ρ = −.58), affective commitment (ρ = −.58), engagement (ρ = −.54) and organizational commitment (ρ = −.54). Contextual variables that showed the largest effects included communication (ρ = .62), organizational support (ρ = −.61) and the quality of the relationship between volunteers and their leader (leader-member exchange, ρ = −.55). We synthesize our findings into an integrative framework delineating the predictors of volunteer turnover. In doing so, we extend turnover research to consider non-remunerated work contexts and provide a basis for developing turnover theory that is responsive to the unique experience of volunteers. 相似文献
93.
Emma Wiik Julia P. G. Jones Edwin Pynegar Patrick Bottazzi Nigel Asquith James Gibbons Andreas Kontoleon 《Conservation biology》2020,34(5):1076-1088
Conservation science needs more high-quality impact evaluations, especially ones that explore mechanisms of success or failure. Randomized control trials (RCTs) provide particularly robust evidence of the effectiveness of interventions (although they have been criticized as reductionist and unable to provide insights into mechanisms), but there have been few such experiments investigating conservation at the landscape scale. We explored the impact of Watershared, an incentive-based conservation program in the Bolivian Andes, with one of the few RCTs of landscape-scale conservation in existence. There is strong interest in such incentive-based conservation approaches as some argue they can avoid negative social impacts sometimes associated with protected areas. We focused on social and environmental outcomes based on responses from a household survey in 129 communities randomly allocated to control or treatment (conducted both at the baseline in 2010 and repeated in 2015–2016). We controlled for incomplete program uptake by combining standard RCT analysis with matching methods and investigated mechanisms by exploring intermediate and ultimate outcomes according to the underlying theory of change. Previous analyses, focused on single biophysical outcomes, showed that over its first 5 years Watershared did not slow deforestation or improve water quality at the landscape scale. We found that Watershared influenced some outcomes measured using the survey, but the effects were complex, and some were unexpected. We thus demonstrated how RCTs can provide insights into the pathways of impact, as well as whether an intervention has impact. This paper, one of the first registered reports in conservation science, demonstrates how preregistration can help make complex research designs more transparent, avoid cherry picking, and reduce publication bias. 相似文献
94.
Kizar Ahmed Sumon Sampa Saha Paul J. van den Brink Edwin T.H.M. Peeters Roel H. Bosma 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2017,52(2):92-98
This study elucidated the acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos on the early life stages of banded gourami (Trichogaster fasciata). To determine the acute effects of chlorpyrifos on their survival and development, we exposedthe embryos and two-day-old larvae to six concentrations (0, 0.01, 0.10, 1.0, 10 and 100 µg L?1) of chlorpyrifos in plastic bowls. Log-logistic regression was used to calculate LC10 and LC50 values. Results showed that embryo mortality significantly increased with increasing chlorpyrifos concentrations. The 24-h LC10 and LC50 values (with 95% confidence limits) of chlorpyrifos for embryos were 0.89 (0.50–1.58) and 11.8 (9.12–15.4) µg L?1, respectively. Hatching success decreased and mortality of larvae significantly increased with increasing concentrations of chlorpyrifos. The 24-h LC10 and LC50 values (with 95% confidence limits) of chlorpyrifos for larvae were 0.53 (0.27–1.06) and 21.7 (15.9–29.4) µg L?1, respectively; the 48-h LC10 and LC50 for larvae were 0.04 (0.02–0.09) and 5.47 (3.77–7.94) µg L?1, respectively. The results of this study suggest that 1 µg L?1 of chlorpyrifos in the aquatic environment may adversely affect the development and the reproduction of banded gourami. Our study also suggests that banded gourami fish can serve as an ideal model species for evaluating developmental toxicity of environmental contaminants. 相似文献
95.
Joseba A. Salbidegoitia Edwin G. Fuentes María P. González-Marcos Juan R. González-Velasco 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2017,19(2):782-793
Plastics from cellular phones, an important contribution to electronic waste, have been studied for catalytic recycling to liquid fuels through hydrocracking. High impact polystyrene and polybutadiene, a component of high impact polystyrene and acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene terpolymer, majority components in these residues according to literature, have been also studied in the process, using a bifunctional Pt/Hβ catalyst and under kinetic control. The results show a high yield to liquid fuels in the gasoline range with high impact polystyrene and polybutadiene, with a high content of naphthenics and isoparaffins in the catalytic process. Plastics from cellular phones, with a complex composition, require a previous removal of silicone, to prevent to formation of solids. Once silicone is removed, these residues, with a majority yield to liquids, could be treated together with other plastic wastes in catalytic hydrocracking. 相似文献
96.
William Whipple Donald Duflois Neil Grigg Edwin Herricks Howard Holme Jonathan Jones Conrad Keyes Mike Ports Jerry Rogers Eric Strecker Scott Tucker Ben Urbonas Bud Viessman Don Vonnahme 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1999,35(4):713-716
ABSTRACT: The planning and developing of water resources to meet the country's needs for water supply, flood control, hydroelectric power, irrigation, and navigation now needs to take more account of environmental needs and regulations. Water resource development is often beneficial to the environment, but may also be harmful, as in cases involving salmon and various other endangered species. As a national objective, the environment must be preserved and in some cases restored; but how can this be done consistent with other national objectives, relating to life and welfare of human beings? This problem has aroused the concern of many engineers and water scientists. As a result, a national conference on this subject was held in Chicago in June 1998, as an integral part of ASCE's Annual Conference on Water Resources Planning and Management and the Annual Conference on Environmental Engineering. At the conclusion of that conference, a post-conference meeting was held by a group of prominent water resource practitioners. It was concluded at this meeting that action should be taken by our government to establish a new form of interagency approach, involving the states, as a means of coordination in cases of national importance. 相似文献
97.
Viel JF Floret N Deconinck E Focant JF De Pauw E Cahn JY 《Environment international》2011,37(2):449-453
Organochlorine chemicals may contribute to an increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) within non-occupationally exposed populations. Among these chemicals, dioxins and furans were mainly released by municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) until a recent past in France, a source of exposure that is of public concern. We investigated organochlorines and the risk of NHL among neighbors of a French MSWI with high levels of dioxin emissions (Besan?on, France), using serum concentrations to assess exposure. The study area consisted of three electoral wards, containing or surrounding the MSWI. Pesticides, dioxins, furans, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in the serum of 34 newly diagnosed NHL cases (2003-2005) and 34 controls. Risks of NHL associated with each lipid-corrected serum concentration were estimated using exact logistic regression. The pesticides β-hexachlorocyclohexane (odds ratio [OR]=1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.00-1.12, per 10 ng/g lipid) and p,p' dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) (OR=1.20, 95% CI=1.01-1.45, per 10 ng/g lipid) were associated with NHL risk. Evidence indicated an increased NHL risk associated with cumulative WHO(1998)-toxic equivalency factor (TEQ) concentrations (dioxins, OR=1.12, 95% CI=1.03-1.26; furans, OR=1.16, 95% CI=1.03-1.35; dioxin-like PCBs, OR=1.04, 95% CI=1.00-1.07; and total TEQ, OR=1.04, 95% CI=1.01-1.05), as well as with non dioxin-like PCBs (OR=1.02, 95% CI=1.01-1.05, per 10 ng/g lipid). Most congener-specific associations were statistically significant. This study provides strong and consistent support for an association between serum cumulative WHO(1998)-TEQ concentrations, at levels experienced by people residing in the vicinity of a polluting MSWI, and risk of NHL. 相似文献
98.
Bert Schreurs Eva Derous Edwin A. J. Van Hooft Karin Proost Karel De Witte 《组织行为杂志》2009,30(6):761-783
Applicants' pretest expectations about the forthcoming selection procedure may serve as a key factor in applicants' decision‐making. The current study examined the validity of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) as an explanatory mechanism of the relationship between pretest selection expectations (warmth/respect, chance to demonstrate potential, difficulty of faking, unbiased assessment, feedback) and job pursuit behavior. Data were collected at two points in time, using a sample of applicants for the military. Selection expectations, job pursuit attitude, subjective norm, and controllability were significantly related to job pursuit intention. Job pursuit attitude mediated the relationship between selection expectations and job pursuit intention. Subjective norm and time lag were the only significant predictors of job pursuit behavior. Practical implications, strengths and limitations, as well as directions for further research are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
99.
Darren L. Ficklin Iris T. Stewart Edwin P. Maurer 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2012,48(6):1104-1125
Abstract: Sierra Nevada snowmelt and runoff is a key source of water for many of California’s 38 million residents and nearly the entire population of western Nevada. The purpose of this study was to assess the impacts of expected 21st Century climatic changes in the Sierra Nevada at the subwatershed scale, for all hydrologic flow components, and for a suite of 16 General Circulation Models (GCMs) with two emission scenarios. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was calibrated and validated at 35 unimpaired streamflow sites. Results show that temperatures are projected to increase throughout the Sierra Nevada, whereas precipitation projections vary between GCMs. These climatic changes drive a decrease in average annual streamflow and an advance of snowmelt and runoff by several weeks. The largest streamflow reductions were found in the mid‐range elevations due to less snow accumulation, whereas the higher elevation watersheds were more resilient due to colder temperatures. Simulation results showed that decreases in snowmelt affects not only streamflow, but evapotranspiration, surface, and subsurface flows, such that less water is available in spring and summer, thus potentially affecting aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Declining spring and summer flows did not equally affect all subwatersheds in the region, and the subwatershed perspective allowed for identification for the most sensitive basins throughout the Sierra Nevada. 相似文献
100.
Daniel Grosjean Edwin L. Williams II 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(6):805-809
A one-year survey of air quality has been carried out at two southern California inland locations, Perris and Palm Springs (90 km E-SE and 120 km E of Los Angeles) to evaluate transport of photochemical smog from the Los Angeles area and to assess population exposure to toxic air pollutants in the Coachella Valley and eastern Riverside County. Air pollutants measured included formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, nitric acid, and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN). Acetic acid was also measured as part of the time-integrated method employed to measure PAN. In addition, intensive studies were carried out at both locations and included measurements of aldehydes, nitric acid, PAN, peroxypropionyl nitrate (PPN), methylchloroform and tetrachloroethylene. Maximum concentrations of HCHO, CH3CHO, HNO3, PAN, PPN, CH3COOH and C2CI4 were 26, 21, 4.5, 7.6, 0.42, 6.6 and 0.29 ppb in Palm Springs and 15, 30, 6.3, 9.1, 0.73, 7.8 and 0.43 ppb in Perris. Pollutant concentrations measured in Palm Springs and Perris are compared to those measured in the Los Angeles area, and are discussed in terms of formation and removal during transport. 相似文献