Atmospheric deposition of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in Guangzhou, China: seasonal variations and sources

The atmospheric deposition of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) was investigated at four locations in different suburban and urban functional districts of Guangzhou City. The annual deposition fluxes of total PBDD/Fs (eight 2,3,7,8-substituted tetra- to hexa-BDD/Fs) were in the range of 36-51 (mean 46) pg m(-2) day(-1), and the corresponding TEQ fluxes were estimated to range between 7.9 and 11.3 (mean 10.3) pg I-TEQ m(-2) day(-1), indicating a noticeable pollution level. The deposition fluxes of PBDD/Fs during the wet season were 2-4 times as high as those during the dry season. Both rainfall and temperature positively correlated with PBDD/F deposition fluxes. Ambient gas/particle partition coefficients (K(p)) were predicted with SPARC. It appears seasonal variations of PBDD/F deposition fluxes were influenced by meteorological parameters and the local usage of brominated flame retardants (BFRs). The congener profiles of PBDD/Fs at four locations were similar either spatially or temporally, indicating that the main PBDD/F emission sources were similar to one another. Seasonal variations and congener patterns of PBDD/Fs indicated the possible sources included electronic waste recycling, industrial waste incinerators and products containing BFRs.     

循环经济产业体系论纲

循环经济的核心是物质在产业间和产业与环境间的循环流动。发展循环经济要落实到具体的产业和企业上。需搞清具有物质循环利用关系的产业及其间的关系。为区别传统经济产业间的关系，避免走入用传统产业理论指导循环经济建设的误区，本文提出产业体系和循环经济产业体系的概念。并将若干与某种生产要素有关的产业相互联系、相互制约而构成的整体称为产业体系。以物质要素循环利用关系为纽带的产业体系称为循环经济产业体系。根据物质在环境社会系统中的流动模式。将循环经济产业体系中的产业分成物资产业、人的产业和环境产业三大类。要在传统（线性）经济的基础上发展循环经济。需理性地按生态学原理规范经济活动。重点强化废弃物再生和回用的环境产业。使之同物资产业和人的产业相协调。产业体系是对产业结构概念的发展。循环经济产业体系是循环经济理论和建设的重要内容。构建循环经济理论体系、出台有关法律法规和产业政策。是循环经济建设工作的重点。     

上海城区和临安本底站PM_(2.5)的物化特征及来源解析

2008年4月在上海城区(徐家汇)和浙江临安大气污染本底站2个地区同步采集PM2.5样品,利用场发射扫描电镜(FESEM/EDS)和同步辐射相关技术对两地PM2.5的微观形貌、化学元素组成及来源,以及重金属元素Zn的价态进行了分析.结果表明,徐家汇、临安的PM2.5平均质量浓度分别为(131.6±65.2),(83.5±22.9)μg/m3.徐家汇地区PM2.5主要由烟尘、飞灰、矿物质等组成;临安地区PM2.5中主要为不规则形貌颗粒物.上海城区PM2.5中重金属元素的浓度明显高于临安地区样品.同步辐射X射线吸收近边结构谱的结果显示,两地PM2.5中的Zn元素都以ZnSO4为主要存在形式.富集因子法分析19种元素中,除K、Ca外,其他元素在PM2.5中富集程度上海均高于临安地区.     

香港及珠三角地区MODIS高分辨率气溶胶光学厚度的反演

为了有效解决地区性和城市范围内的气溶胶分布并反演陆地上气溶胶的性质,一种针对中分辨率成像光谱辐射计(MODIS)的气溶胶反演新算法应运而生.本文首先通过改良的最小反射率技术(MRT)来确定季节性的地表反射率和利用瑞利通道辐射率中解析出大气上气溶胶的反射率来估计气溶胶的反射系数.结果表明,MRT地表反射率的图像和MODIS地表反射系数的产品(MOD09)有很好的契合度.两者的相关系数高达0.9.此外,考虑到不同气溶胶的光学性质和太阳观测组合对计算辐射传输的影响,本研究还制定了全面广泛的差算表(LUT).由此产生的卫星500m分辨率的气溶胶光学厚度(AOT)和香港太阳光度计(AERONET)及MicrotopsⅡ观测资料的相关系数r分别为0.96和0.87(相伴概率值P<0.0001).该研究证明了城区高分辨率气溶胶反演的可行性,还能帮助研究气溶胶的分布和城区大气瞬态污染的影响.此外,MODIS 500m分辨率的气溶胶光学厚度图像还可用于研究跨境气溶胶,使定位珠江三角洲区域污染源变得可行.     

关于建立流域生态补偿机制框架的探讨——以大伙房水库上游流域为例

随着经济的快速发展和人口的迅速膨胀,流域自然资源与生态环境面临着前所未有的压力。为了更好地协调流域各方的生态、经济利益关系,促进地区间和群体间的和谐、可持续发展,建立稳固的生态补偿激励机制就显得十分必要。以大伙房水库上游流域地区为研究对象,以公共产品理论、外部性理论、生态资本理论和可持续发展理论为理论基础,结合研究区的实际情况,确定研究区生态补偿的主客体和补偿的方式与途径;再分别站在供给方和需求方的角度,通过计算水库上游地区生态系统服务功能价值、生态保护建设总成本和水库下游地区人民的支付意愿价格来确定生态补偿的标准;最后综合考虑受益程度、支付意愿、流域面积等因素确定补偿金的分担率和分配率,并建立了生态补偿机制的配套措施。     

聚乙烯生产生命周期评价的研究

生命周期评价是一种对产品、生产工艺以及活动对环境的压力进行评价的客观过程。文章以我国东北某大型石化企业为案例,运用生命周期评价方法对聚乙烯生产生命周期中的环境协调性进行了研究,并对其污染物产生的环境影响潜值进行量化估算。评价结果表明:生产1t聚乙烯能源消耗为32.3×106kJ,环境影响负荷为701.9标准人当量。其中,轻烃、石脑油裂解及裂解气分离工序是释放污染物的最主要工序,光化学烟雾是最大的环境潜在影响,有必要采取措施降低聚乙烯生产过程中的环境负荷。     

强化混凝去除湘江原水中天然有机物的研究

文章应用强化混凝技术对湘江原水中天然有机物的去除效果进行了研究。通过选择混凝剂、增加混凝剂的用量和降低pH值等措施强化混凝处理湘江水。实验结果表明,选用聚合氯化铝(PAC)作为混凝剂,并控制PAC的投加量为3 10-4 mol.L-1,pH在5 6之间,能有效去除湘江水中的有机物。同时还初步探讨了TOC和UV-254之间的相关性,得出UV-254=0.048 5 TOC-0.073 8。     

Size distribution of chemical elements and their source apportionment in ambient coarse, fine, and ultrafine particles in Shanghai urban summer atmosphere

Ambient coarse particles (diameter 1.8-10 μm), fine particles (diameter 0.1-1.8 μm), and ultrafine particles (diameter < 0.1 μm) in the atmosphere of the city of Shanghai were sampled during the summer of 2008 (from Aug 27 to Sep 08). Microscopic characterization of the particles was investigated by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). Mass concentrations of Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, and Pb in the size-resolved particles were quantified by using synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (SRXRF). Source apportionment of the chemical elements was analyzed by means of an enrichment factor method. Our results showed that the average mass concentrations of coarse particles, fine particles and ultrafine particles in the summer air were 9.38 ± 2.18, 8.82 ± 3.52, and 2.02 ± 0.41 μg/m³, respectively. The mass percentage of the fine particles accounted for 51.47% in the total mass of PM10, indicating that fine particles are the major component in the Shanghai ambient particles. SEM/EDX results showed that the coarse particles were dominated by minerals, fine particles by soot aggregates and fly ashes, and ultrafine particles by soot particles and unidentified particles. SRXRF results demonstrated that crustal elements were mainly distributed in the coarse particles, while heavy metals were in higher proportions in the fine particles. Source apportionment revealed that Si, K, Ca, Fe, Mn, Rb, and Sr were from crustal sources, and S, Cl, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, and Pb from anthropogenic sources. Levels of P, V, Cr, and Ni in particles might be contributed from multi-sources, and need further investigation.     

基于时间序列分析的渐变性水源水质预测研究

针对引黄水库水质渐变性特点,运用时间序列分析理论建立了水质分析模型并对山东省某市某水库的水质变化趋势进行模拟和预测。选取温度、pH、氨氮、浊度、化学耗氧量、亚硝酸盐作为预测变量。水库水质的模拟结果表明除浊度外其余项准确率均达到了80%以上,所建立的水质模型能够合理地反映渐变性水库中水质的动态变化趋势,预测结果较好。     

山东省主要工业污染物排放特征研究

通过山东省近10年来工业主要污染物的统计数据,结合山东省经济的变化趋势,分析了山东省主要污染物排放区域、排放行业时空变化规律及原因,为"十二五"山东省工业污染治理形势和经济转型升级提出了建议。