生态补偿机制及模式研究进展

详细综述了生态补偿机制概念、理论基础、补偿标准、补偿模式及国内外生态补偿实践经验等方面的研究进展。发现外部性的内部化是生态补偿的关键和环境经济学基础,其核心问题包括：谁补偿谁,补偿多少以及如何补偿。通过回顾美国、欧洲发达国家与中国、拉丁美洲发展中国家在实施生态补偿过程中采取的各种措施,发现生态学与经济学理论已经逐渐融入生态补偿的研究之中。在此基础上,指出了国内生态补偿的科研和实践中有待解决的问题,最后提出了包括补偿的法律机制、补偿经济标准、政策制定等方面的建议。     

金华市义乌江沉积物磁性特征与重金属污染

对浙江省金华市义乌江采集的边滩沉积物柱样,进行了系统的环境磁学、粒度、地球化学分析,以探讨环境磁学方法诊断河流沉积物重金属污染的可行性.结果表明,柱样磁性特征由亚铁磁性矿物主导,其垂向变化受到粒度和早期成岩作用的一定影响.柱样中重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb含量及其富集因子除底部外,自下而上呈增加趋势,指示了柱样上部存在人为来源的重金属污染.柱样沉积物磁性特征与重金属含量及其富集因子的垂向变化存在相似性,其中磁化率(χ)、频率磁化率(χfd%)和硬剩磁(HIRM)与Cr、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb的含量具有显著的正相关关系,反映了磁性矿物与重金属具有相同的来源,或者细颗粒磁性矿物对重金属的吸附作用.上述结果表明,磁学方法可用于指示义乌江的重金属污染.但由于义乌江属于开放性的河流环境系统,磁性特征变化受多重因素影响,增加了利用磁学手段定量诊断重金属污染的复杂性.     

治霾背景下浅层地温能产业规模化发展研究

为了实现治霾目标,国家大力推广可再生能源应用,《关于促进地热能开发利用的指导意见》(国能新能[2013]48号),明确提出将积极推广浅层地温能,扩大其在城镇建筑用能中的比例。我国浅层地温能产业发展面临一系列障碍,为了克服市场调节失灵问题,借助事物发展动力原则,结合全寿命周期理论,依托层次分析法,推导能源发展的核心影响因素,据此提出了浅层地温能产业规模化发展的关键路径,构建了浅层地温能开发利用的长效管理体系。     

Catalytic activity of noble metal nanoparticles toward hydrodechlorination: influence of catalyst electronic structure and nature of adsorption

In this study, stabilized Pd, Pt and Au nanoparticles were successfully prepared in aqueous phase using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a capping agent. These metal nanoparticles were then tested for catalytic hydrodechlorination toward two classes of organochlorinated compounds (vinyl polychlorides including trichloroethylene (TCE), tetrachloroethylene (PCE), and alkyl polychlorides including 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA), and 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane (1,1,1,2-TeCA)) to determine the rate-limiting steps and to explore the reaction mechanisms. The surface area normalized reaction rate constant, k_SA, showed a systematic dependence on the electronic structure (the density of states at the Fermi level) of the metals, suggesting that adsorption of organochlorinated reactants on the metal catalyst surfaces is the rate-limiting step for catalytic hydrodechlorination. Hydrodechlorination rates of 1,1,1-TCA and 1,1,1,2-TeCA agreed with the bond strength of the first (weakest) dissociated C-Cl bond, suggesting that C-Cl bond cleavage, which is the first step for dissociative adsorption of the alkyl polychlorides, controlled the catalytic hydrodechlorination rate. However, hydrodechlorination rates of TCE and PCE correlated with the adsorption energies of their molecular (non-dissociative) adsorption on the noble metals rather than with the first C-Cl bond strength, suggesting that molecular adsorption governs the reaction rate for hydrodechlorination of the vinyl polychlorides.     

在线固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定水中的苯脲化合物

通过在线固相萃取-高效液相色谱法快速、准确测定了EPA532方法规定的水中9种痕量苯脲化合物类杀虫剂.通过双梯度高效液相色谱系统中的上样泵,采用大体积自动进样方式,将2.5 mL水样中的被测物富集在萃取柱上;而后通过阀切换将萃取柱切换至分析流路中,进行分离、测定.上样泵的流动相为纯水和甲醇,分析泵的流动相为20 mmol·L-1甲酸铵水溶液和乙腈,流速分别为1.0 mL·min-1和0.6 mL·min-1,检测波长为245 nm,整个分析时间为20 min.方法在0.5—100μg·L-1范围线性关系良好,9种杀虫剂的线性相关系数R2≥0.9927,检出限≤0.093μg·L-1,7次平行测定保留时间RSD≤0.08%,峰面积RSD≤2.57%.该方法前处理简单,快速,重现性好,可用于环境水体和饮用水中痕量杀虫剂、除草剂等污染物的测定.     

Influence of slope aspect on soil physico-chemical and biological properties in the mid hills of central Nepal

This study assessed the influence of slope aspect and land use on soil physio-chemical and biological properties (soil quality indicators) on contiguous south- and north-facing slopes of the mid hills in central Nepal, having the same climate, vegetation and parent material. In each aspect, two treatments (agriculture and forest) were chosen and four replicates taken for each treatment. Soil sample collection and microarthropod extraction was done according to the standard methodology: soil core samples (10 × 10 × 5 cm) and extraction with the modified Berlese–Tullgren funnel. The investigated soil variables were temperature, moisture, faunal abundance and diversity, organic matter, organic carbon, bulk density and pH. Except in a few cases, all considered soil properties showed significant differences between aspects and land use. Soils of the north-facing slope had higher SOC content, moisture, faunal abundance and diversity, and lower temperature and pH. Variations due to topographic aspect induced varied microclimates, causing differences in faunal abundance and diversity; soil moisture, temperature and organic matter trends affected soil fertility and ultimately soil quality. Further studies are required to clarify the complex interactions between soil properties (physio-chemical and biological), vegetation and slope aspect in Nepal, as well as to develop soil biological indicators as a tool to assist in sustainable land management.     

The role of Confucianism in South Korea's emergency management system

Numerous Western researchers have examined the influence of Confucianism on development in Asia, but almost no South Korean researchers have studied the topic in regard to emergency management in their own country. This study begins by considering Confucianism as a social culture. Next, it goes on to evaluate its role in South Korea's emergency management system, contributing, ultimately, to efficiencies in emergency management. Drawing on a literature review and a case study, the paper assesses the double‐ and single‐faced approaches, using four major Confucian components: destiny; family; ritual; and relation. The double‐faced approach includes the positive and negative aspects of emergency management, whereas the single‐faced approach incorporates only its positive aspects. This paper provides, for the first time, a systematic analysis of the relationship between Confucianism and emergency management in South Korea. Its key finding is that the double‐faced approach needs to be transformed into a single‐faced approach through active facilitation of behavioural change.     

室内环境空气中甲醛净化模块特性试验研究

现阶段甲醛是超标最严重的一类室内空气污染物,针对室内环境空气中甲醛污染问题,设计搭建一台便于测试且可替换净化模块的空气净化装置.测试并分析甲醛气体在单独或集成使用不同净化技术时的衰减特性,包括净化技术、送风量、初始质量浓度对甲醛衰减的影响.结果表明:在等条件下,"活性炭+光触媒"对甲醛去除效果较单一技术更佳;组合净化在等浓度变风量情况下存在最高甲醛去除率并对应的最佳送风量为140 m3/h;初始质量浓度影响净化模块的处理效率,在一定范围内,一次净化效率随初始质量浓度升高而升高.     

有机物料添加对植物修复铬污染土壤的影响

为探讨有机物料添加对植物修复铬污染耕地土壤的强化效果,在联栋温室中进行室内培养试验和盆栽试验,利用Tessier连续提取法对添加牛粪、羊粪和玉米秸秆后的土壤中铬形态分布进行分析.通过S-N-K法、Pearson相关分析等研究添加有机物料后,紫羊茅和羽衣甘蓝对修复土壤的铬富集系数及铬去除率的影响,并探讨其与铬形态间的相互关系.结果表明,添加牛粪或羊粪的土壤中交换态铬分别比空白处理增加1.30％和0.98％.添加牛粪可显著提高紫羊茅和羽衣甘蓝的根干重和茎叶干重,添加羊粪或玉米秸秆仅可显著提高富集植物的茎叶干重,对根干重无显著影响.添加羊粪或牛粪处理的紫羊茅和羽衣甘蓝,修复土壤的铬富集系数均显著高于空白处理.添加玉米秸秆紫羊茅修复土壤的铬富集系数显著高于空白处理,羽衣甘蓝修复土壤的铬富集系数与空白处理无显著差异.3种有机物料的添加均能增强羽衣甘蓝和紫羊茅对铬污染土壤的修复效果,其中添加牛粪诱导强化羽衣甘蓝修复铬污染土壤的效果最佳,对土壤中铬的去除率达到19.62％.紫羊茅和羽衣甘蓝修复土壤的铬富集系数及铬去除率均与土壤交换态铬显著正相关,与碳酸盐结合态铬比例呈极显著负相关.有机物料,尤其是养殖废弃物的添加,能有效提高土壤中可交换态铬比例,进而提高植物修复铬污染土壤的效率.     

清代江浙沿海台风影响时间特征重建及分析

根据清代-民国的历史文献,在判定台风现象记录的基础上,建立了1644-1911年苏、沪、浙沿海受台风影响的天数Td序列,显示研究区在此期间内年均有2d左右受台风影响;19世纪中期之后,台风影响时间有所延长,指征了该地台风活动趋于活跃的现象。小波分析显示1640-1690年代和1800-1830年代,Td变化分别存在4～8a和6～8a的准周期现象,但其他时段周期性规律很不显著。MTC与ATC之间缺乏年际和年代际的对应关系可能是导致本研究Td分布无明显规律的重要原因。台风影响陆地时间与全球冷暖变化并不完全对应,仅发现17世纪早期的增暖与Td值放大在时间上基本一致。