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121.
Many species of marine fish are typified by large population sizes, strong migratory behavior, high fecundity, and pelagic
eggs and larvae that are passively transported by ocean currents, all features that tend to increase gene flow, and hence
reduce genetic partitioning, among localized populations. The plaice, Pleuronectes platessa, is a commercially important demersal species that exhibits all of these characteristics. We analyzed genetic variation at
eight microsatellite loci in samples of spawning adults (N = 348) from the coasts of Ireland, Iceland, and, for the first time, from the Baltic Sea. Significant differentiation was
observed between Iceland and Irish and Baltic Sea samples. However, there were no genetic differences between Irish and Baltic
Sea samples, which contrast with the significant differentiation reported between Baltic Sea and North Sea/Atlantic populations
of other flatfish species. To increase the data set, we carried out a cross-calibration exercise, allowing us to perform a
joint analysis of data with an earlier study on adult and juvenile plaice (N = 480) collected over a broad geographic range, using six microsatellite loci in common to the two studies. Significant differentiation
was observed between fish collected at the northern (Iceland, Faeroes, Norway) and southern (Bay of Biscay) parts of the species
range. In contrast, the results showed little evidence of genetic structuring over much of the continental shelf of Europe.
We believe that bathymetric and hydrographic barriers are the major factors shaping genetic structure, while lack of structure
over much of the European continental shelf may be explained by a combination of past historical events, population structure,
and dynamics of the species. 相似文献
122.
Prolonged dormancy is a life-history stage in which mature plants fail to resprout for one or more growing seasons and instead remain alive belowground. Prolonged dormancy is relatively common, but the proximate causes and consequences of this intriguing strategy have remained elusive. In this study we tested whether stored resources are associated with remaining belowground, and investigated the resource costs of remaining belowground during the growing season. We measured stored resources at the beginning and end of the growing season in Astragalus scaphoides, an herbaceous perennial in southwest Montana, USA. At the beginning of the growing season, dormant plants had lower concentrations of stored mobile carbon (nonstructural carbohydrates, NSC) than did emergent plants. Surprisingly, during the growing season, dormant plants gained as much NSC as photosynthetically active plants, an increase most likely due to remobilization of structural carbon. Thus, low levels of stored NSC were associated with remaining belowground, and remobilization of structural carbon may allow for dormant plants to emerge in later seasons. The dynamics of NSC in relation to dormancy highlights the ability of plants to change their own resource status somewhat independently of resource assimilation, as well as the importance of considering stored resources in understanding plant responses to the environment. 相似文献
123.
Elizabeth Dowler Bruno Kappes Andrea Fenaughty Gregory Pemberton 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2013,19(1):61-78
This study focused on developing a new approach to seated work positions as conducted on 67 office workers who use a Visual Display Terminal (VDT) as a major function of their working day. Muscle tension was measured by surface electromyography (sEMG) while participants were asked to adopt 4 selected working postures. Pain was measured before and after ergonomic intervention on the Nordic scale, which was modified for this study. Adjustable workstations were used to place participants in desired positions during the clinical testing sessions and the extended intervention period. Results indicate the effects of this ergonomic intervention may have positive effects on muscle tension and pain, significant enough to encourage employers to implement training and workstation modifications following these guidelines. 相似文献
124.
Local knowledge is a valuable asset in observing and managing environmental change, and importantly, is an unheralded source of adaptive capacity. Torres Strait Islanders are no exception, having used such knowledge to adapt to biophysical changes in their environment for centuries. This article explores the ways in which Islanders have coped in the past with environmental changes to plan for their future. This article focuses on Erub Island in the eastern group of islands in the Torres Strait and charts the adaptation actions or activities employed by respected locals (Elders and Aunties). Drawing on their local knowledge, these actions or activities have included the building of rock walls and wind breaks, using native species to re-vegetate sand cays and the coastal foreshore, applying self-sufficient practices such as fish traps and gardening, reading and respecting country, and transferring this knowledge to the younger generation. In this way, it is the Islanders themselves who detail, based on their local knowledge, what is most appropriate for their community. 相似文献
125.
Eric D. Stein Matthew R. Cover A. Elizabeth Fetscher Clare O'Reilly Roxana Guardado Christopher W. Solek 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2013,49(4):780-792
Armoring of streambanks is a common management response to perceived threats to adjacent infrastructure from flooding or erosion. Despite their pervasiveness, effects of reach‐scale bank armoring have received less attention than those of channelization or watershed‐scale hydromodification. In this study, we explored mechanistic ecosystem responses to armoring by comparing conditions upstream, within, and downstream of six stream reaches with bank armoring in Southern California. Assessments were based on four common stream‐channel assessment methods: (1) traditional geomorphic measures, (2) the California Rapid Assessment Method for wetlands, (3) bioassessment with benthic macroinvertebrates, and (4) bioassessment with stream algae. Although physical responses varied among stream types (mountain, transitional, and lowland), armored segments generally had lower slopes, more and deeper pools and fewer riffles, and increased sediment deposition. Several armored segments exhibited channel incision and bank toe failure. All classes of biological indicators showed subtle, mechanistic responses to physical changes. However, extreme heterogeneity among sites, the presence of catchment‐scale disturbances, and low sample size made it difficult to ascribe observed patterns solely to channel armoring. The data suggest that species‐level or functional group‐level metrics may be more sensitive tools than integrative indices of biotic integrity to local‐scale effects. 相似文献
126.
In the period of transition from communism, the countries of central and eastern Europe have made considerable efforts to adopt new environmental legislation and to create new institutions. However, the implementation of these powers, particularly at the level of local government, remains problematic. This article reviews the arguments for developing capacity for taking environmental action at the municipal level, and then examines the actual experience of one such country, the Slovak Republic. While Slovakia displays many of the features of policy making familiar to other transitional countries, it has faced some particular political problems. Recent legislation has given formal competencies in the field of environmental protection to local government, but it remains fragmented and relatively poorly resourced. Nevertheless, there is evidence that, through a combination of mutual support through national associations and the establishment of international links, local authorities are adopting a number of innovative approaches and strategies which should be better able to address the changing character of environmental problems. 相似文献
127.
128.
South Korea’s Civilian Control Zone (CCZ), a relatively untouched area due to tight military oversight since the end of Korean
War, has received considerable attention nationally and internationally for its rich biodiversity. However, the exclusion
of local communities from the process of defining problems and goals and of setting priorities for biodiversity conservation
has halted a series of biodiversity conservation efforts. Through qualitative research, we explored CCZ farmers’ views of
key problems and issues and also the sources of their opposition to the government-initiated conservation approaches. Key
findings include the farmers’ concerns about the impact of conservation restrictions on their access to necessary resources
needed to farm, wildlife impacts on the value of rice and other agricultural goods they produce, and farmers’ strong distrust
of government, the military, and planners, based on their experiences with past conservation processes. The findings regarding
farmers’ perceptions should prove useful for the design of future participatory planning processes for biodiversity conservation
in the CCZ. This case highlights how conservative measures, perceived to be imposed from above—however scientifically valuable—can
be undermined and suggests the value that must be placed on communication among planners and stakeholders. 相似文献
129.
Effects of urbanization and urban stream restoration on the physical and biological structure of stream ecosystems 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Violin CR Cada P Sudduth EB Hassett BA Penrose DL Bernhardt ES 《Ecological applications》2011,21(6):1932-1949
Streams, as low-lying points in the landscape, are strongly influenced by the stormwaters, pollutants, and warming that characterize catchment urbanization. River restoration projects are an increasingly popular method for mitigating urban insults. Despite the growing frequency and high expense of urban stream restoration projects, very few projects have been evaluated to determine whether they can successfully enhance habitat structure or support the stream biota characteristic of reference sites. We compared the physical and biological structure of four urban degraded, four urban restored, and four forested streams in the Piedmont region of North Carolina to quantify the ability of reach-scale stream restoration to restore physical and biological structure to urban streams and to examine the assumption that providing habitat is sufficient for biological recovery. To be successful at mitigating urban impacts, the habitat structure and biological communities found in restored streams should be more similar to forested reference sites than to their urban degraded counterparts. For every measured reach- and patch-scale attribute, we found that restored streams were indistinguishable from their degraded urban stream counterparts. Forested streams were shallower, had greater habitat complexity and median sediment size, and contained less-tolerant communities with higher sensitive taxa richness than streams in either urban category. Because heavy machinery is used to regrade and reconfigure restored channels, restored streams had less canopy cover than either forested or urban streams. Channel habitat complexity and watershed impervious surface cover (ISC) were the best predictors of sensitive taxa richness and biotic index at the reach and catchment scale, respectively. Macroinvertebrate communities in restored channels were compositionally similar to the communities in urban degraded channels, and both were dissimilar to communities in forested streams. The macroinvertebrate communities of both restored and urban degraded streams were correlated with environmental variables characteristic of degraded urban systems. Our study suggests that reach-scale restoration is not successfully mitigating for the factors causing physical and biological degradation. 相似文献
130.
Seabloom EW Benfield CD Borer ET Stanley AG Kaye TN Dunwiddie PW 《Ecological applications》2011,21(6):2129-2142
Successful conservation management requires an understanding of how species respond to intervention. Native and exotic species may respond differently to management interventions due to differences arising directly from their origin (i.e., provenance) or indirectly due to biased representations of different life history types (e.g., annual vs. perennial life span) or phylogenetic lineages among provenance (i.e., native or exotic origin) groups. Thus, selection of a successful management regime requires knowledge of the life history and provenance-bias in the local flora and an understanding of the interplay between species characteristics across existing environmental gradients in the landscape. Here we tested whether provenance, phylogeny, and life span interact to determine species distributions along natural gradients of soil chemistry (e.g., soil nitrogen and phosphorus) in 10 upland prairie sites along a 600-km latitudinal transect running from southern Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada, to the Willamette Valley in Oregon, USA. We found that soil nitrate, phosphorus, and pH exerted strong control over community composition. However, species distributions along environmental gradients were unrelated to provenance, life span, or phylogenetic groupings. We then used a greenhouse experiment to more precisely measure the response of common grass species to nitrogen and phosphorus supply. As with the field data, species responses to nutrient additions did not vary as a function of provenance, life span, or phylogeny. Native and exotic species differed strongly in the relationship between greenhouse-measured tolerance of low nutrients and field abundance. Native species with the greatest ability to maintain biomass production at low nutrient supply rates were most abundant in field surveys, as predicted by resource competition theory. In contrast, there was no relationship between exotic-species biomass at low nutrient levels and field abundance. The implications of these findings for management of invasive species are substantial in that they overturn a general belief that reduction of nutrient supplies favors native species. The idiosyncratic nature of species response to nutrients in this study suggests that manipulation of nutrient supplies is unlikely to alter the overall balance between native and exotic species, although it may well be useful to control specific exotic species. 相似文献