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31.
On the integration of individual foraging strategies with colony ergonomics in social insects: nectar-collection in honeybees 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Summary We experimentally tested whether foraging strategies of nectar-collecting workers of the honeybee (Apis mellifera) vary with colony state. In particular, we tested the prediction that bees from small, fast growing colonies should adopt higher workloads than those from large, mature colonies. Queenright small colonies were set up by assembling 10 000 worker bees with approximately 4100 brood cells. Queenright large colonies contained 35 000 bees and some 14 500 brood cells. Thus, treatments differed in colony size but not in worker/brood ratios. Differences in workload were tested in the context of single foraging cycles. Individuals could forage on a patch of artificial flowers offering given quantities and qualities of nectar rewards. Workers of small colonies took significantly less nectar in an average foraging excursion (small: 40.1 ± 1.1 SE flowers; large: 44.8 ± 1.1), but spent significantly more time handling a flower (small: 7.3 ± 0.4 s ; large: 5.8 ± 0.4 s). When the energy budgets for an average foraging trip were calculated, individuals from all colonies showed a behavior close to maximization of net energetic efficiency (i.e., the ratio of net energetic gains to energetic costs). However, bees from small colonies, while incurring only marginally smaller costs, gained less net energy per foraging trip than those from large colonies, primarily as a result of prolonged handling times. The differences between treatments were largest during the initial phases of the experimental period when also colony development was maximally different. Our results are at variance with simple models that assume natural selection to have shaped behavior in a single foraging trip only so as to maximize colony growth.
Offprint requests to: P. Schmid-Hempel 相似文献
32.
Summary We report aggressive spacing behavior in male dragonflies, Leucorrhinia intacta, that is characterized by variations in the probability of chasing conspecific male intruders within a defined area around a male's perch. The chase probability depends on the total intruder pressure and the behavior and distance of the intruder from the perched male (Fig. 2). This nonexclusive, site-fixed area has been called a dominion.We also examined the distribution of intruders among the various behavior-distance categories. Chase rates (per 15 min) were correlated mostly with number of intruders that hovered (rather than flew) close to the territorial male. Finally, we examined the impact of the changing chase probabilities on the variation in aggressive interactions as a function of intruder pressure. We conclude that, to some extent, territorial males stabilized defense costs across a variety of intruder pressures by maintaining dominions. 相似文献
33.
Distribution coefficients for the sorption of Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+ by peat were determined as a function of the Ca2+-content of peat as well as of the Ca2+-concentration in the solution. The amount of heavy metal ions taken up was measured for Cu2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+ by atomic absorption spectrometry and for Pb2+ by using Pb-212 as a radioactive tracer.The results show that the distribution coefficients of the heavy metal ions increase, if one increases the initial ratio of the in the peat phase. The distribution coefficients for the heavy metal ions decrease, however, if - at constant initial Ca2+-content of the peat - the Ca2+-concentration of the solution is increased. 相似文献
34.
Wolf D. Drechsler 《Chemosphere》1986,15(9-12):1529-1534
The physical, chemical and biological processes for the destruction of PCDD/PCDF and the treatment of dioxin-contaminated wastes are reported. Tests and their results, carried out in laboratories and pilot plants with PCDD and similar compounds, are discussed. The development and testing of suitable catalysts for the chemical conversion of dioxins and other chlorohydrocarbons are examined. The application conditions, the necessary pretreatments of wastes, and the destruction efficiencies of the different methods are examined. A technical, economic, and environmental assessment according to the tested results is considered. 相似文献
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37.
Geographical variation in morphometric characters in heteromyid rodents has often correlated with climate gradients. Here, we used the long-term database of rodents trapped in the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge in New Mexico, USA to test whether significant annual changes in external morphometric characters are observed in a region with large variations in temperature and precipitation. We looked at the relationships between multiple temperature and precipitation variables and a number of morphological traits (body mass, body, tail, hind leg, and ear length) for two heteromyid rodents, Dipodomys merriami and Perognathus flavescens. Because these rodents can live multiple years in the wild, the climate variables for the year of the capture and the previous 2 years were included in the analyses. Using multiple linear regressions, we found that all of our morphometric traits, with the exception of tail length in D. merriami, had a significant relationship with one or more of the climate variables used. Our results demonstrate that effects of climate change on morphological traits occur over short periods, even in noninsular mammal populations. It is unclear, though, whether these changes are the result of morphological plasticity or natural selection. 相似文献
38.
Summary. Several species of the flea beetles genus Longitarsus are able to sequester pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) from their host plants. In five Longitarsus species we compare the concentration of PAs present in their host plants belonging to the Asteraceae or Boraginaceae with
those found in the beetles. To get an estimate of the intrapopulation variability, three samples of five beetles each and
five individual plants were analyzed for each comparison. A strong intrapopulation variability could be detected both among
plant and beetle samples. The total concentration found in the beetles varied strongly between species. The local host plant
and its phenology influence the concentrations present in the beetles as evidenced in comparisons of a single beetle species
from two different hosts and of one beetle species collected at the same site at different times of the year. In addition,
different beetle species apparently vary in their capacity to sequester the alkaloids, at the lowest extreme the mean PA concentration
in the beetles (0.034 μg PA/mg dry weight) was 1/30 of the mean concentration found in the plant leaves (L. aeruginosus from Eupatorium cannabinum), at the highest extreme (2.098 μg PA/mg dw) the concentration in the beetles was a 1000 fold higher than in the plant leaves
(L. nasturtii from Symphytum officinale). The highest mean concentration found in the beetles was 3.446 μg/mg dw (L. exoletus from Cynoglossum officinale). The absolute concentrations found in the beetles are comparable to other insects which have been shown to be effectively
defended against their potential predators.
Received 22 June 1999; accepted 25 August 1999 相似文献
39.
Petra Marth Karl-Werner Schramm Bernhard Henkelmann Alexander Wolf Konstantin Oxynos Johannes Schmitzer Antonius Kettrup 《Environmental Sciences Europe》1999,11(2):89-97
For precautinary environmental protection the Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) has been successfully established as a permanent environmental surveillance tool in Germany. The presented monitoring results on chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHC) show very clearly the effects of political decisions and can be used for the identification of pollutant sources. The CHC burden of breams (Abramis brama) from five German rivers (Elbe, Rhein, Saar, Mulde, Saale) gives an current overview of the pollution situation of different limnic ecosystems in Germany. A calculation model about the distribution of organic pollutants between different tissues offers the possibility to predict concentrations in liver and muscle of breams. Legislative emission restrictions have led to a significant decrease of dioxin levels in herring gull (Larus argentatus) eggs between 1988–1996. 相似文献
40.
Improved separations of a wide range of anions of environmental importance in scrubbers of waste incinerators were achieved by applying a Na2B4O7/NaOH composition gradient of low electrical conductivity in combination with suppressed ion chromatography. Fluoride, Acetate, Formiate and 16 other ions including Iodide could be separated within the same run in less than 20 minutes. The selective detection of small amounts of several anions in presence of excessive amounts of Chloride and Sulfate is discussed. Furtheron various adsorbents were tested for the removal of Phenol as a potential trouble shooting source in 5 ion chromatography. Depending on the analytical task and circumstances several adsorbents reveiled promising properties. 相似文献