基于防突风门直角-分支巷道冲击气流传播特征研究*

为研究防突风门未破坏下直角-分支巷道中瓦斯突出冲击气流传播特征,建立相似几何模型,采用数值模拟方法计算突出腔体压力在7.5×105 Pa情况下流场中冲击气流压力和速度的变化,分析冲击气流传播随时间的变化过程。研究结果表明:在分叉口-风门段,正向冲击压力与风门反射压力相交产生瓦斯超压现象;在突出口-分叉口段,正向冲击压力与风门反射压力相互冲击,有效降低突出口冲击气流的瞬时强度;在分叉口处,正向冲击气流首先产生绕射并形成单向涡旋,风门反射气流产生的绕射与单向涡旋方向相反,涡旋强度降低。     

Treatment of dye‐containing wastewater by sequencing batch reactor with powdered activated carbon addition

The process involving the combination of powdered activated carbon (PAC) and biomass in the aeration basin of conventional continuous‐flow activated sludge system, known as the PACT process, has proven to be effective for treating toxic pollutants present in industrial wastewaters. In view of the many advantages of sequencing batch reactors (SBR) operationally, the objective of this study is to evaluate the PACT process under SBR operation to treat wastewater containing Acid Blue 25 (AR) and Basic Yellow 2 dyes (BR). The SBR systems were operated with FILL, REACT, SETTLE and DRAW periods in the ratio of 0.25:3.75: 1.0:1.0 for a cycle time of 6 h. The average COD and AR removal efficiencies were 89% and 93%, respectively with PAC addition compared to 76% and 7%, respectively, without PAC addition. In the case of BR, the average removal efficiencies of COD and dye increased from 52% and 9% to 90% and 93%, respectively, with PAC addition. Kinetic study conducted for the REACT period showed that both dyes exhibited a very pronounced inhibitory effect on the activities of the microorganisms. The addition of PAC was capable of reducing the inhibitory effect of only BR but not AR on the microorganisms.     

北京市公交车内噪声监测与分析

公交车内噪声环境是影响驾驶员、售票员以及乘客乘车环境的重要物理因素.鉴于此,选取了北京3类15辆公交车进行了测量与分析.结果显示,北京公交车内噪声LAeq最高达到了79.6dB(A),噪声污染级最高达到91.9dB(A),交通噪声指数最高达96.3dB(A).显示北京公交车内噪声污染较为严重.此外对不同测点位置、不同类型车辆的噪声水平进行了方差分析.测点位置、车辆类型以及其交互效应均不存在显著差异(P＞0.05).频谱分析显示,车内噪声以低频为主,且呈现出显著的线性特征.铰链式公交车的部分高频成分较为显著.进一步计算发现NCB值均较高,车内存在较显著隆隆声和振动感,铰链式车辆的NCB值也显著高于其他两类公交车.为降低公交车内噪声强度,防止司售人员和乘客所处声环境的进一步恶化,建议相关部门采取有效措施进行控制.     

一条史料看灾荒

我国历史上灾荒频发,战乱不断,人民身处水火,生存艰难。 《三国志·魏书·武帝纪》中有一条记载:后汉兴平元年(公元194年),水、旱、蝗灾之后,百姓大饥,“是岁,谷斛(十斗)五十余万钱,人相食。”对此,裴松之在《三国志注》中说:“自遭荒乱,率乏粮谷……袁绍之在河北,军士仰食桑椹。袁术在江淮,取给蒲赢     

2014年春季东海大面积甲藻赤潮的生态特征

为准确掌握东海近岸海域赤潮发生情况,深入了解东海海域赤潮发生时和未发生时的生态环境条件,根据浙江省舟山海洋生态环境监测站对东海近岸海域常年的监测结果,选定从杭州湾外侧向南到温州南麂列岛的东海近岸海域为赤潮高发区,开展生态环境研究.2014 年4 月和5 月利用专业海洋调查船,按《海洋监测规范》对东海赤潮高发海域进行了二次综合海洋生态环境调查,结果发现调查海域氮、磷营养盐含量普遍较高,4 月研究海域无机氮均值为0.406 mg·L^-1,活性磷酸盐均值0.013 mg·L^-1;5 月无机氮均值0.244 mg·L^-1,活性磷酸盐均值0.004 mg·L^-1.大多数样品无机氮超一类海水水质标准,尤其是4 月91.7%的样品超-类海水标准,5 月也有35.7%样品超-类海水标准.硝酸盐氮是无机氮的主要存在形式.2014 年5 月调查期间发生了大面积的赤潮,赤潮原因种是东海原甲藻（Prorocentrum donghaiense）,细胞密度平均在107/L 以上.分析赤潮发生前后的水环境变化,5 月调查海域海水温度有较大上升,各海域水温均超过了20 ℃,海域平均温度从4 月的15.9 ℃上升到5 月的21.9 ℃.通过本次研究发现在营养盐浓度普遍较高的调查海域,水温上升是引发赤潮的关键因素.使用专业统计软件SPSS17 发现赤潮藻类的细胞密度与水温、化学需氧量和溶解氧存在着极显著的正相关（P〈0.01）,与活性磷酸盐、硝酸盐氮和无机氮存在着显著负相关（P〈0.05）.另外本次调查还发现,大面积东海原甲藻赤潮暴发后,活性磷酸盐被大量消耗.综合目前有关东海原甲藻赤潮期间对活性磷酸盐的吸收动力学研究,发现今后应进一步加强这方面的调查研究.     

Inhibition of bromate formation by reduced graphene oxide supported cerium dioxide during ozonation of bromide-containing water

GO or RGO promotes bromate formation during ozonation of bromide-containing water. CeO₂/RGO significantly inhibits bromate formation compared to RGO during ozonation. CeO₂/RGO shows an enhancement on DEET degradation efficiency during ozonation. Ozone (O₃) is widely used in drinking water disinfection and wastewater treatment. However, when applied to bromide-containing water, ozone induces the formation of bromate, which is carcinogenic. Our previous study found that graphene oxide (GO) can enhance the degradation efficiency of micropollutants during ozonation. However, in this study, GO was found to promote bromate formation during ozonation of bromide-containing waters, with bromate yields from the O₃/GO process more than twice those obtained using ozone alone. The promoted bromate formation was attributed to increased hydroxyl radical production, as confirmed by the significant reduction (almost 75%) in bromate yield after adding t-butanol (TBA). Cerium oxide (less than 5 mg/L) supported on reduced GO (xCeO₂/RGO) significantly inhibited bromate formation during ozonation compared with reduced GO alone, and the optimal Ce atomic percentage (x) was determined to be 0.36%, achieving an inhibition rate of approximately 73%. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra indicated the transformation of GO into RGO after hydrothermal treatment, and transmission electron microscope (TEM) results showed that CeO₂ nanoparticles were well dispersed on the RGO surface. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra results demonstrated that the Ce³⁺/Ce⁴⁺ ratio in xCeO₂/RGO was almost 3‒4 times higher than that in pure CeO₂, which might be attributed to the charge transfer effect from GO to CeO₂. Furthermore, Ce³⁺ on the xCeO₂/RGO surface could quench Br⋅ and BrO⋅ to further inhibit bromate formation. Meanwhile, 0.36CeO₂/RGO could also enhance the degradation efficiency of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) in synthetic and reclaimed water during ozonation.     

冷轧乳化废水的电凝聚处理

针对冷轧高浓度含油乳化废水,使用电絮凝工艺进行了研究,探讨了pH值、电流密度、反应时间、NaCl投加量和板间距等因素对电絮凝的影响,试验比较了电絮凝与其他化学方法对高浓度乳化液的处理效果,得到了令人满意的结果。     

Photosensitivity sources of dissolved organic matter from wastewater treatment plants and their mediation effect on 17α-ethinylestradiol photodegradation

● EE2 photodegradation behavior in the presence of four WWTPs’ DOM was explored. ● The ³DOM* played a major role in the EE2 photodegradation mediated by WWTPs’ DOM. ● The A²/O process DOM contained more aromatic and oxygen-containing substances. ● Possible photosensitivity sources of DOM in the A²/O process were proposed. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) from each treatment process of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) contains abundant photosensitive substances, which could significantly affect the photodegradation of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2). Nevertheless, information about EE2 photodegradation behavior mediated by DOM from diverse WWTPs and the photosensitivity sources of such DOM are inadequate. This study explored the photodegradation behavior of EE2 mediated by four typical WWTPs’ DOM solutions and investigated the photosensitivity sources of DOM in the anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (A²/O) process. The parallel factor analysis identified three varying fluorescing components of these DOM, tryptophan-like substances or protein-like substances, microbial humus-like substances, and humic-like components. The photodegradation rate constants of EE2 were positively associated with the humification degree of DOM (P < 0.05). The triplet state substances were responsible for the degradation of EE2. DOM extracted from the A²/O process, especially in the secondary treatment process had the fastest EE2 photodegradation rate compared to that of the other three processes. Four types of components (water-soluble organic matter (WSOM), extracellular polymeric substance, humic acid, and fulvic acid) were separated from the A²/O process DOM. WSOM had the highest promotion effect on EE2 photodegradation. Fulvic acid-like components and humic acid-like organic compounds in WSOM were speculated to be important photosensitivity substances that can generate triplet state substances. This research explored the physicochemical properties and photosensitive sources of DOM in WWTPs, and explained the fate of estrogens photodegradation in natural waters.     

不同浸提剂对污染河道底泥中重金属的浸出影响

以某有色金属冶炼企业排放口下游河道底泥为研究对象,分别采用无机酸(盐酸、硫酸、硝酸)和有机酸(醋酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸和丁二酸)研究在不同酸性条件(pH为2~6)下Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu的浸出效果。结果表明,有机酸的浸提能力明显高于无机酸,且4种重金属的浸出浓度均随着pH的升高而迅速降低。对无机酸而言,当pH3时,重金属的浸出浓度趋于稳定;对有机酸而言,在pH为2~5的较大范围内,醋酸表现出较高的浸提能力,而柠檬酸对Pb和Cu没有明显的浸出效果。结合泥质特点,从重金属的络合、沉淀、水解、吸附等反应过程对其浸出特征进行了分析,同时提出醋酸良好的缓冲能力是其浸提效果优于其他有机酸的重要原因。     

UV_(185 nm)-H_2O_2组合工艺处理高浓度棘白菌素类抗生素发酵废水

采用UV_(185 nm)-H_2O_2组合工艺处理高浓度棘白菌素类抗生素发酵废水。结果表明:UV_(185 nm)-H_2O_2组合工艺较好地实现了高浓度棘白菌素类抗生素发酵废水的强化处理,其处理效果明显优于单独UV_(185 nm)光氧化工艺;在废水pH为2.50、光照时间为60 min、H_2O_2投加量为5 g/L、反应温度为室温的条件下,UV_(185 nm)-H_2O_2组合工艺对废水色度和COD的去除率分别高达96.4%和46.9%;该联合氧化过程需在酸性体系中进行;联合氧化过程中产生了大量蜂王浆提取物类黑褐色物质,处理出水中显色物质的种类明显减少,实现了废水的高效脱色。