Solid waste management practices and review of recovery and recycling operations in Turkey

This paper provides a general overview of solid waste data and management practices employed in Turkey during the last decade. Municipal solid waste statistics and management practices including waste recovery and recycling initiatives have been evaluated. Detailed data on solid waste management practices including collection, recovery and disposal, together with the results of cost analyses, have been presented. Based on these evaluations basic cost estimations on collection and sorting of recyclable solid waste in Turkey have been provided. The results indicate that the household solid waste generation in Turkey, per capita, is around 0.6 kg/year, whereas municipal solid waste generation is close to 1 kg/year. The major constituents of municipal solid waste are organic in nature and approximately 1/4 of municipal solid waste is recyclable. Separate collection programmes for recyclable household waste by more than 60 municipalities, continuing in excess of 3 years, demonstrate solid evidence for public acceptance and continuing support from the citizens. Opinion polls indicate that more than 80% of the population in the project regions is ready and willing to participate in separate collection programmes. The analysis of output data of the Material Recovery Facilities shows that, although paper, including cardboard, is the main constituent, the composition of recyclable waste varies strongly by the source or the type of collection point.     

空间视角下湖北省环境绩效评估及影响因素分析

以湖北省为例，基于压力-状态-响应（PSR）模型构建环境绩效评估指标体系，运用空间自相关和标准差椭圆对湖北省各地区绩效指数空间特征及影响因素进行探讨，结果显示：湖北省各地区环境绩效指数（EPI）均高于60，但普遍处于中等水平，良好及优秀所占比例低.EPI较高的地区主要位于湖北省西部和中部，压力和状态指数从西至东递减，响应指数则呈现东部高于西部高于中部的态势.状态指标绩效指数在空间上显著正相关，即环境质量状况较好（或较差）的地区在空间上集聚.EPI及二级指标绩效指数均以西北-东南为布局方向，且EPI椭圆重心较于基准重心偏向于西南方向.各地区环境指数除受到资源禀赋的影响外，还与城镇化率和人口密度显著相关.     

Excretion of manure-borne estrogens and androgens and their potential risk estimation in the Yangtze River Basin

The Yangtze River is the longest river in China, and the river basin spans one fifth of the area of the whole country. Based on statistical data, the excretion of manure-borne steroid hormones, including steroid estrogens(SEs) and steroid androgens(SAs), in 10 provinces of China within the region has been estimated. The potential environmental and ecological risk of manure-borne steroid estrogens to the surface water in this region was also assessed. The manure-borne SE and SA excretions in the 10 provinces and municipalities vary in the order: Sichuan Hunan Hubei Yunnan Jiangsu Anhui Jiangxi Chongqing Qinghai Shanghai. The highest increase of manure-borne SEs(1434.3 kg)and SAs(408.5 kg) was found in Hunan and Hubei provinces, respectively, and the total excretion in 2013 was 65% more than 15 years earlier in these two provinces. However, the emissions in Anhui and Shanghai decreased in this 15 year period of time. Swine urine,chicken feces, cattle urine, and laying hen feces were considered the dominant sources of manure-borne E1, βE2, αE2, and SAs, respectively. Although Jiangsu province did not have the largest excretion of manure-borne SEs, it had the highest level of predicted17β-estradiol equivalency(EEQs) value of 16.65 ng/L in surface water because of the limited surface water resources. According to the lowest observable effect level of 10 ng/L for17β-estradiol, the manure-borne SEs in Jiangsu province might potentially pose ecological risk to its wild aquatic organisms.     

山东省不同地形区降雨侵蚀力时空变化特征

掌握降水及降雨侵蚀力的时空分布和演变特征对于揭示区域气候变化规律,有效预防和科学评估水土流失等环境问题具有重要意义。基于34个气象站点1961—2015年的降水日值数据,采用降雨侵蚀力计算模型、Mann-Kendall检验、小波分析和Kriging空间插值等研究方法,分析研究了山东省内山地、丘陵和平原等不同地形区的降水和降雨侵蚀力时空变化特征。结果显示：近55年间,全省及各地形区的降水量和降雨侵蚀力均呈波动下降趋势,年内分配均集中在夏季,降雨侵蚀力在时间尺度上存在25年左右的变化周期。空间上,降水和降雨侵蚀力均呈现鲁中南山区＞胶东半岛丘陵区＞鲁西北平原区;分界线由东北至西南沿福山—莱阳—淄博—定陶等站呈“S”型贯穿山东省,界线东南侧降雨侵蚀力高,西北侧降雨侵蚀力较低。其原因主要是受海拔和地形的影响,东南季风携带湿润气流受胶东半岛丘陵及鲁中南山地的阻挡抬升,致使“S”型分界线东南侧迎风面降水及降雨强度相对较高;西北侧背风面形成焚风效应,降水及降雨侵蚀强度较低。该结果可为山东省水土流失空间特征分析奠定数据基础,同时为区域水土资源利用与调控及生态环境保护与改善提供决策支撑。     

Effect of copper on the adsorption of p-nitrophenol onto soils

The effect of copper on adsorption of p-nitrophenol on two typical Chinese soils was investigated using a batch-equilibration method. Adsorption experiments were carried out when both copper and p-nitrophenol were adsorbed simultaneously, and when copper was previously adsorbed on soils. It was observed that adsorption of p-nitrophenol decreased with increasing copper concentrations thereby indicating a competition between copper and p-nitrophenol for occupying the adsorption sites on soils. Moisture increased the hydrated sphere and the acidity of water surrounding the cation, which further reduced the adsorption of p-nitrophenol. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study provided the direct evidence for the coordination of p-nitrophenol sorbed by soils with metal cation in n-hexane system. It was observed that the perturbations included a red shift of the nu(asym) (NO) band, a concomitant blue-shift of the nu(sym) (NO) band and a blue-shift of C-N band when compared with the infrared spectra obtained from water solution.     

北京地铁岛式站台噪声的初步研究

为研究北京岛式站台噪声水平及噪声特点,选取了北京地铁2号线和5号线的10个岛式站台进行了实地的测量,从噪声级以及频谱角度对测量结果进行了分析。结果显示,测量时间内的LAeq,max都高于标准限值80dB(A)。使用独立样本t检验的结果得出,2号线与5号线在LAeq以及LAeq,max上不存在显著差异(P>0.05),说明2号线和5号线噪声在相近的水平上。通过噪声频谱的时程曲线也直观的得出列车在进出站过程中噪声级大于80dB(A),无列车通过且不受相反轨道列车影响时的背景噪声在65dB(A)左右,受影响时在70dB(A)左右。倍频程频谱分析得出,地铁站台噪声具有明显的中频特征。进一步分析,2号线和5号线站台都存在若干的主频,其基频和谐频分别为63、250和1kHz。     

用连续提取法研究芘在鱼鳃表面的结合形态

建立了研究鱼鳃表面芘的结合状态的四步连续提取方法．分别用H2O、CaCl2、CH3OH和n-C6H14+CH2Cl2(1:1, v/v)混合液提取经暴露的鱼鳃．操作定义的前3步分别提取松散附着在鳃表的鱼鳃黏液中的芘,紧密附着在鳃表的鱼鳃黏液中的芘以及直接吸着在鱼鳃表皮上的芘,第4步则用来提取鱼鳃组织吸收的芘．其提取的芘分别占总量的 4．0％、12．1％、45．2％和38．7％．经3 h暴露,进入鳃组织的芘仅为总测定量的三分之一强,因此大部分芘并未进入鳃组织．单独进行的五步CH3OH连续提取实验结果证明,CH3OH提取步骤能有效地解吸鳃表吸着的芘,但不会导致鳃组织中芘的释放．动态实验结果表明,黏液结合态芘在暴露1h左右即达到平衡,而鳃表吸着态和鳃组织吸收态芘在暴露3h内含量迅速上升,3 h后显著趋缓．     

邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯对小鼠睾丸能量代谢相关酶的影响

为了从生殖细胞能量代谢角度探讨邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯(BBP)对雄性小鼠生殖损伤的机制,以昆明系雄性小白鼠为实验对象,研究了BBP对小鼠睾丸组织能量代谢相关酶的影响.实验设0、125、250、500、1000mg·kg-1(质量分数)5组浓度梯度,连续灌胃染毒30d后,采用分光光度法检测小鼠睾丸组织匀浆中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、Ca-Mg-ATPase酶的活性以及睾丸脏器系数.结果发现,1)与对照组相比,高浓度染毒组(500、1000mg·kg-1)LDH、SDH和Ca-Mg-ATPase活性均极显著降低(p<0.01);而低浓度染毒组(125mg·kg-1)3种酶活性均无显著变化(p>0.05);中浓度染毒组(250mg·kg-1)LDH没有显著变化(p>0.05),而SDH、Ca-Mg-ATPase均显著降低(p<0.05,p<0.01).2)染毒30d后,各染毒组睾丸脏器系数略有下降,但与对照组相比,差异均未达到显著水平(p>0.05).以上结果表明,较高水平的BBP不仅可以干扰睾丸组织有氧代谢及无氧代谢的产能过程,还可以干扰生殖细胞对能量的利用,提示能量代谢的障碍可能是BBP对雄性生殖细胞产生损伤的原因之一.