西笤溪流域重金属污染磁学研究及多元分析

对西苕溪流域的土壤样品及部分太湖近岸表层底泥样品,进行了环境磁学测试与化学分析.采用指标聚类分析,抽取磁化率、S比值和Cr、Fe、Pb、Sr、Ti、Zn含量等8个典型指标.再应用模糊C均值聚类分析,分辨出了4种不同的样品类型和两种不同的人类活动响应.取自丘陵山地的第一类样品,以强的磁化率、高的S比值和低的Sr、Ni和Zn含量为特征,代表了流域的自然背景.分布在河谷平原农耕区的第二类样品,磁化率、S比值以及重金属含量都很低,反映了农业活动对环境的影响.而分布在滨湖平原和东苕溪流域的第三类样品,Sr、Ni和Zn含量最高,反映了工业活动对环境的影响.代表丘陵与平原过渡带的第四类样品,其磁参数和重金属含量介于丘陵山地与平原之间.由于流域的磁背景场很高,且人类活动多元化,磁与重金属的相关性差,因此单一的磁化率不能直接指示污染状况.     

The role of iron nanoparticles on anaerobic digestion: mechanisms,limitations, and perspectives

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Anaerobic digestion (AD) is the most widely used technology for organic matter treatment. However, multiple types of research have reported on...     

Trichloroethylene (TCE) removal in a single pulse suspension bioreactor

This work describes TCE biotic removal in a single-pulse bioreactor under aerobic conditions. Activated sludge from a wastewater-treatment plant was used for inoculation of the cultivator. The experiment focused on a more detailed verification of microbial composition of mixed heterotrophic culture during pulsed phenol dosage. Attention was given to suppressing eucaryotic organisms, particularly yeasts and fungi, by the addition of cycloheximide. The TCE-removal capacity of the heterotrophic culture, described by kinetic tests, was dependent on pulsed phenol injection and on cyclic addition of phenol and TCE. Maximum TCE degradation was determined in a batch test. It was found that the addition of cycloheximide (an antibiotic against propagation and growth of fungi and yeast) increased the TCE degradation activity of the mixed microbial suspension. A certain residual amount of TCE remained in some of the experiments.     

Phosphorus losses from agricultural areas in river basins: effects and uncertainties of targeted mitigation measures

In this paper we show the quantitative and relative importance of phosphorus (P) losses from agricultural areas within European river basins and demonstrate the importance of P pathways, linking agricultural source areas to surface water at different scales. Agricultural P losses are increasingly important for the P concentration in most European rivers, lakes, and estuaries, even though the quantity of P lost from agricultural areas in European catchments varies at least one order of magnitude (<0.2 kg P ha(-1) to >2.1 kg P ha(-1)). We focus on the importance of P for the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive and discuss the benefits, uncertainties, and side effects of the different targeted mitigation measures that can be adopted to combat P losses from agricultural areas in river basins. Experimental evidence of the effects of some of the main targeted mitigation measures hitherto implemented is demonstrated, including: (i) soil tillage changes, (ii) treatment of soils near ditches and streams with iron to reduce P transport from source areas to surface waters, (iii) establishment of buffer zones for retaining P from surface runoff, (iv) restoration of river-floodplain systems to allow natural inundation of riparian areas and deposition of P, and (v) inundation of riparian areas with tile drainage water for P retention. Furthermore, we show how river basin managers can map and analyze the extent and importance of P risk areas, exemplified by four catchments differing in size in Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands. Finally, we discuss the factors and mechanisms that may delay and/or counteract the responses of mitigation measures for combating P losses from agricultural areas when monitored at the catchment scale.