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171.
A. Krein T. Udelhoven J.-N. Audinot C. Hissler C. Guignard L. Pfister H.-N. Migeon L. Hoffmann 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2008,8(5-6):495-503
The increase of traffic and the rising energy consumption mean a challenge to the air pollution control and to environmental protection. Measures of air pollution control concentrated primarily on the reduction of gaseous pollutants. However, in the field of air hygiene in Central Europe, especially the load of near-surface atmospheric dust becomes threatening to human health. A SIMS microprobe for ultra fine feature analysis is used to image the elemental composition at the surface of submicrometer urban dust particles collected at two measurement stations in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. The NanoSIMS 50 has been chosen because it creates one intensity image for each selected element in a high spatial resolution down to 50 nm. The atmospheric fine dust consists of a mixture of organic and inorganic compounds. The elemental composition at the surface of particles was studied using a global image segmentation technique to separate the signal from the background of the particles. The analysis of the binary intensity images was carried out using several shape and proximity measures. The patch shape complexity and distribution for industrial/urban particles were found to differ significantly from the solids collected from a forest site. We conclude that the methodology developed in the study is a reliable tool to differentiate between potential sources of airborne particulate matter. 相似文献
172.
The impact of grazing on spider communities in a mesophytic calcareous dune grassland 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
During 1994–1995 and 1997–1998 spiders were sampled with pitfall traps in a botanically rich, mesophytic, calcareous dune
grassland in Belgium. As a consequence of intensive cattle grazing, vegetation variation in a large part of the area had diminished.
The study area was also patchily grazed by rabbits. Community analysis with TWINSPAN revealed five distinct spider communities.
Ecological differentiation was best explained by combination of the habitat variables: distance from grazed or non-grazed
vegetation,Rosa pimpinellifolia cover and grass cover in both summer and winter. Species diversity was highest in the border zone between the cattle-grazed
and non cattle-grazed sites.
Correlation of the most abundant spider species with the vegetation determinants explains the ecological differentiation between
the spider communities. Species were classified into seven major groups that reflect the species’ habitat preferences. The
group showing clear association with non cattle-grazed, tall vegetation consists of common species. Characteristic species
for the intensively cattle-grazed sites are common aeronauts and rare species such asWalckenaeria stylifrons, Mastigusa arietina, Ceratinopsis romana andPardosa monticola. The latter are shown to be dependent on ungrazed vegetation for juvenile development and overwintering. Intensive grazing
results in homogeneous short vegetation, which can only be colonized by ‘open ground’ species with a well-developed dispersal
capacity, or by species which are not dependent on litter-rich situations for juvenile development. An extensive cattle grazing
regime results in a patchy mosaic grassland where, in addition to the above mentioned groups of species, other species survive
by migrating between the buffered litter rich ungrazed vegetation and the short vegetation. Additionally, some typical and
rare species prefer the transition zone between the grazed and the ungrazed vegetation because they are associated with specific
habitat structures or inhabiting ant-species. 相似文献
173.
During 1994–1995 and 1997–1998 spiders were sampled with pitfall traps in a botanically rich, mesophytic, calcareous dune
grassland in Belgium. As a consequence of intensive cattle grazing, vegetation variation in a large part of the area had diminished.
The study area was also patchily grazed by rabbits. Community analysis with TWINSPAN revealed five distinct spider communities.
Ecological differentiation was best explained by combination of the habitat variables: distance from grazed or non-grazed
vegetation,Rosa pimpinellifolia cover and grass cover in both summer and winter. Species diversity was highest in the border zone between the cattle-grazed
and non cattle-grazed sites.
Correlation of the most abundant spider species with the vegetation determinants explains the ecological differentiation between
the spider communities. Species were classified into seven major groups that reflect the species’ habitat preferences. The
group showing clear association with non cattle-grazed, tall vegetation consists of common species. Characteristic species
for the intensively cattle-grazed sites are common aeronauts and rare species such asWalckenaeria stylifrons, Mastigusa arietina, Ceratinopsis romana andPardosa monticola. The latter are shown to be dependent on ungrazed vegetation for juvenile development and overwintering. Intensive grazing
results in homogeneous short vegetation, which can only be colonized by ‘open ground’ species with a well-developed dispersal
capacity, or by species which are not dependent on litter-rich situations for juvenile development. An extensive cattle grazing
regime results in a patchy mosaic grassland where, in addition to the above mentioned groups of species, other species survive
by migrating between the buffered litter rich ungrazed vegetation and the short vegetation. Additionally, some typical and
rare species prefer the transition zone between the grazed and the ungrazed vegetation because they are associated with specific
habitat structures or inhabiting ant-species.
Nomenclature: Roberts (1987, 1995) forAraneae; van der Meijden et al. (1990) for vascular plants; Corly et al. (1981) for bryophytes; Schaminée et al. (1996) for vegetation
associations. 相似文献
174.
Male costs and benefits associated with male display size in field populations of an Australian lekking Drosophila species were examined. Results suggested that male mating success increased with display size, since matings appeared to
be more common in large displays, and since the probability of males encountering a female increased as displays contained
more males. Female encounter probabilities did not increase once about 20 males or more were present on a display. Male size
and fighting costs tended to increase with display size. The distribution of males among displays did not follow the ideal
free distribution in the sense that each male did not have equal mating opportunity per unit time. Deviation from an ideal
free distribution may have been due to female preference for mating in aggregations rather than with solitary males, since
in a field experiment females were more willing for mating in an aggregation of five males than with solitary males.
Received: 22 May 1997 / Accepted after revision: 1 November 1997 相似文献
175.
Remediation of heavy metal polluted sediment by suspension and solid-bed leaching: estimate of metal removal efficiency 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Remediation of heavy metal polluted sediment by extracting the metals with sulfuric acid can be performed as follows: abiotic suspension leaching, microbial suspension leaching, abiotic solid-bed leaching, and microbial solid-bed leaching. Abiotic leaching means that the acid is directly added, while microbial leaching means that the acid is generated from sulfur by microbes (bioleaching). These four principles were compared to each other with special emphasis on the effectiveness of metal solubilization and metal removal by subsequent washing. Abiotic suspension leaching was fastest, but suspending the solids exhibits some disadvantages (low solid content, costly reactors, permanent input of energy, high water consumption, special equipment required for solid separation, large amounts of waste water, sediment properties hinder reuse), which prevent suspension leaching in practice. Abiotic solid-bed leaching implies the supply of acid by percolating water which proceeds slowly due to a limited bed permeability. Microbial solid-bed leaching means the generation of acid within the bed and has been proven to be the only principle applicable to practice. Metal removal from leached sediment requires washing with water. Washing of solid beds was much more effective than washing of suspended sediment. The kinetics of metal removal from solid beds 0.3, 0.6 or 1.2m in height were similar; when using a percolation flow of 20lm(-2)h(-1), the removal of 98% of the mobile metals lasted 57-61h and required 8.5, 4.2 or 2.3lkg(-1) water. This means, the higher the solid bed, the lower the sediment-mass-specific demand for time and water. 相似文献
176.
Matthew F. Child S. A. Jeanetta Selier Frans G. T. Radloff W. Andrew Taylor Michael Hoffmann Lizanne Nel R. John Power Coral Birss Nicola C. Okes Michael J. Peel David Mallon Harriet Davies-Mostert 《Conservation biology》2019,33(5):1106-1119
As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species. 相似文献
177.
Gregory S. Douglas Jeffery H. Hardenstine Roopa Kamath Deyuan Kong Robert E. Hoffmann Sara McMillen 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》2020,30(4):27-37
Bioremediation is a proven alternative for remediating petroleum‐impacted soils at exploration and production (E&P) sites. Monitoring remediation performance can involve detection and quantification of biodegradation resistant compounds such as C3017α(H),21β(H)‐hopane, which requires the use of gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (GC/MS). Due to the remoteness of many E&P sites, this technology is not always available, and alternative methods are needed to provide reliable quantitative measurements of petroleum remediation efficiency. This study provides a detailed chemical characterization of lacustrine‐sourced crude oils and a technical basis for measuring the effectiveness of bioremediation efforts for soil impacted by those crudes. We show that the novel isoprenoid hydrocarbon botryococcane is relatively stable in lacustrine‐sourced crude oils compared with C3017α(H),21β(H)‐hopane under moderate biodegradation conditions generally observed in field samples. We have also demonstrated that, due to the stability and relatively elevated concentration of botryococcane in lacustrine oils, it can be reliably measured using the more cost‐effective and available GC/FID methodology, and thereby be used to monitor the progress of ongoing soil bioremediation activities at remote sites. 相似文献
178.
Leite Luan de Souza Hoffmann Maria Teresa de Vicente Fábio Simões dos Santos Danilo Vitorino Mesquita Alexandre Juliato Felipe Bonganhi Daniel Luiz Antonio 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2023,30(2):2800-2812
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The algal organic matter (AOM) is a problem in water treatment. Although the adsorption process is extensively applied to drinking water treatment,... 相似文献
179.
Jessica Betts Richard P. Young Craig Hilton-Taylor Michael Hoffmann Jon Paul Rodríguez Simon N. Stuart E.J. Milner-Gulland 《Conservation biology》2020,34(3):632-643
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, a species extinction risk assessment tool, has been guiding conservation efforts for over 5 decades. It is widely assumed to have been instrumental in preventing species from moving closer to extinction and driving recoveries. However, the impact of the IUCN Red List in guiding conservation has not been evaluated. We conducted, transcribed, and coded interviews with experts who use the IUCN Red List across a range of sectors to understand how the list is used in conservation. We developed a theory of change to illustrate how and why change is expected to occur along causal pathways contributing to the long-term goal of the IUCN Red List and an evaluation framework with indicators for measuring the impact of the IUCN Red List in generating scientific knowledge, raising awareness among stakeholders, designating priority conservation sites, allocating funding and resources, influencing development of legislation and policy, and guiding targeted conservation action (key themes). Red-list assessments were the primary input leading to outputs (scientific knowledge, raised awareness), outcomes (better informed priority setting, access to funding and resource availability, improved legislation and policy), and impact (implemented conservation action leading to positive change) that have resulted in achievement of IUCN Red List goals. To explore feasibility of attributing the difference made by the IUCN Red List across themes, we studied increased scientific knowledge, raised awareness, access to funding and resource allocation, and increased conservation activity. The feasibility exploration showed increased scientific knowledge over time identified through positive trends in publications referring to the IUCN Red List in the literature; raised awareness of the list following high IUCN activity identified by peaks in online search activity; an increased proportion of conservation funding bodies requesting IUCN Red List status in the application process; and, based on interviews with Amphibian Specialist Group members, red-list assessments were essential in connecting relevant stakeholders and ensuring conservation action. Although we identified the IUCN Red List as a vital tool in global conservation efforts, it was challenging to measure specific impacts because of its ubiquitous nature. We are the first to identify the influence of the IUCN Red List on conservation. 相似文献
180.
Impact of alternative metrics on estimates of extent of occurrence for extinction risk assessment
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Lucas N. Joppa Stuart H. M. Butchart Michael Hoffmann Steve P. Bachman H. Resit Akçakaya Justin F. Moat Monika Böhm Robert A. Holland Adrian Newton Beth Polidoro Adrian Hughes 《Conservation biology》2016,30(2):362-370
In International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments, extent of occurrence (EOO) is a key measure of extinction risk. However, the way assessors estimate EOO from maps of species’ distributions is inconsistent among assessments of different species and among major taxonomic groups. Assessors often estimate EOO from the area of mapped distribution, but these maps often exclude areas that are not habitat in idiosyncratic ways and are not created at the same spatial resolutions. We assessed the impact on extinction risk categories of applying different methods (minimum convex polygon, alpha hull) for estimating EOO for 21,763 species of mammals, birds, and amphibians. Overall, the percentage of threatened species requiring down listing to a lower category of threat (taking into account other Red List criteria under which they qualified) spanned 11–13% for all species combined (14–15% for mammals, 7–8% for birds, and 12–15% for amphibians). These down listings resulted from larger estimates of EOO and depended on the EOO calculation method. Using birds as an example, we found that 14% of threatened and near threatened species could require down listing based on the minimum convex polygon (MCP) approach, an approach that is now recommended by IUCN. Other metrics (such as alpha hull) had marginally smaller impacts. Our results suggest that uniformly applying the MCP approach may lead to a one‐time down listing of hundreds of species but ultimately ensure consistency across assessments and realign the calculation of EOO with the theoretical basis on which the metric was founded. 相似文献