加氢装置高压串低压风险分析及对策

针对加氢装置高压串低压的特点,分析讨论了其存在的火灾、爆炸、人身伤害、中毒等风险,针对这些风险提出对应的安全防范措施。     

Groundwater arsenic removal by coagulation using ferric(III) sulfate and polyferric sulfate: A comparative and mechanistic study

Elevated arsenic (As) in groundwater poses a great threat to human health. Coagulation using mono-and poly-Fe salts is becoming one of the most cost-effective processes for groundwater As removal. However, a limitation comes from insufficient understanding of the As removal mechanism from groundwater matrices in the coagulation process, which is critical for groundwater treatment and residual solid disposal. Here, we overcame this hurdle by utilizing microscopic techniques to explore molecular As surface complexes on the freshly formed Fe flocs and compared ferric(III) sulfate (FS) and polyferric sulfate (PFS) performance, and finally provided a practical solution in As-geogenic areas. FS and PFS exhibited a similar As removal efficiency in coagulation and coagulation/filtration in a two-bucket system using 5 mg/L Ca(ClO)₂. By using the two-bucket system combining coagulation and sand filtration, 500 L of As-safe water (<10 μg/L) was achieved during five treatment cycles by washing the sand layer after each cycle. Fe k-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and As k-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis of the solid residue indicated that As formed a bidentate binuclear complex on ferrihydrite, with no observation of scorodite or poorly-crystalline ferric arsenate. Such a stable surface complex is beneficial for As immobilization in the solid residue, as confirmed by the achievement of much lower leachate As (0.9 μg/L-0.487 mg/L) than the US EPA regulatory limit (5 mg/L). Finally, PFS is superior to FS because of its lower dose, much lower solid residue, and lower cost for As-safe drinking water.     

Groundwater arsenic removal by coagulation using ferric(Ⅲ)sulfate and polyferric sulfate: A comparative and mechanistic study

Elevated arsenic(As) in groundwater poses a great threat to human health. Coagulation using mono- and poly-Fe salts is becoming one of the most cost-effective processes for groundwater As removal. However, a limitation comes from insufficient understanding of the As removal mechanism from groundwater matrices in the coagulation process, which is critical for groundwater treatment and residual solid disposal. Here, we overcame this hurdle by utilizing microscopic techniques to explore molecular As surface complexes on the freshly formed Fe flocs and compared ferric(III) sulfate(FS) and polyferric sulfate(PFS)performance, and finally provided a practical solution in As-geogenic areas. FS and PFS exhibited a similar As removal efficiency in coagulation and coagulation/filtration in a two-bucket system using 5 mg/L Ca(ClO)_2. By using the two-bucket system combining coagulation and sand filtration, 500 L of As-safe water( 10 μg/L) was achieved during five treatment cycles by washing the sand layer after each cycle. Fe k-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure(XANES) and As k-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure(EXAFS) analysis of the solid residue indicated that As formed a bidentate binuclear complex on ferrihydrite, with no observation of scorodite or poorly-crystalline ferric arsenate. Such a stable surface complex is beneficial for As immobilization in the solid residue, as confirmed by the achievement of much lower leachate As(0.9 μg/L–0.487 mg/L)than the US EPA regulatory limit(5 mg/L). Finally, PFS is superior to FS because of its lower dose, much lower solid residue, and lower cost for As-safe drinking water.     

Spatial-temporal distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of nonylphenol and octylphenol in riverine outlets of Pearl River Delta, China

The aquatic environments of the Pearl River Delta in Southern China are subjected to contamination with various industrial chemicals from local industries. In this paper, the occurrence, seasonal variation and spatial distribution of alkylphenol octylphenol （OP） and nonylphenol （NP） in fiver surface water and sediments in the runoff outlets of the Pearl River Delta were investigated. NP and OP were detected in all water and sediment samples and their mean concentrations in surface water during the dry season ranged from 810 to 3366 ng/L and 85.5 to 581 ng/L, respectively, and those in sediments ranged from 14.2 to 95.2 ng/g dw and 0.4 to 3.0 ng/g dw, respectively. In surface water, much higher concentrations were detected in the dry season than those in the wet season. In sediments, the concentrations in the dry season were also mostly higher. High concentrations of NP and OP were found in Humen outlet, likely due to high levels of domestic and industrial wastewater discharges. An ecological risk assessment with the use of hazard quotient （HQ） was also carried out and the HQvalues ranged from 3.6 × 10^-5 to 35 and 64% of samples gave a HQ 〉 1, indicating that the current levels of NP and OP pose a significant risk to the relevant aquatic organisms in the region.     

CO3O4/介孔分子筛催化剂对苯催化完全氧化的研究

分别以介孔分子筛MCM-41、MCM-48、SBA-15为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了氧化钴/介孔分子筛催化剂,利用N2吸附、X射线衍射、程序升温还原等技术对催化剂进行了表征,考察了Co3O4的负载量及载体的孔结构对催化剂完全催化氧化苯的性能的影响.结果表明,Co3O4的负载量为20%时,催化剂的催化活性最好;载体的孔径和催化剂的可还原性能是影响催化活性的主要因素,催化剂活性顺序为Co3O4/SBA-15>Co3O4/MCM-41>Co3O4/MCM-48.     

铁浓度诱导的三角褐指藻生长和生化组分变化

采用试验生态学方法,以海洋硅藻三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)为研究材料,设置一系列铁浓度处理(3.15mg·L-1、6.30 mg·L-1、9.45 mg·L-1、18.90 mg·L-1和34.65 mg·L-1),着重测定藻液光密度(OD450)、比生长率、藻细胞密度、藻生物量、叶绿素含量和蛋白质含量等生理生化指标,探讨铁浓度对海洋微藻生长特性和生化组分的影响.结果表明,铁浓度对三角褐指藻的生长状况产生了显著的影响.三角褐指藻经培养48 h后,不同铁浓度下的藻液光密度(OD450)存在显著的差异,6.30 mg·L-1铁浓度下的藻液光密度值(OD450)最高,而随着铁浓度的进一步升高,藻液光密度值(OD450)却明显降低;比生长率和藻细胞密度在3.15 mg·L-1到9.45 mg·L-1铁浓度范围内随着铁浓度升高而增大(最大值分别约为0.609 d-1和1200×104 cell·mL-1),但高于9.45 mg·L-1的铁浓度显著降低了比生长率和藻细胞密度;在试验所设置的铁浓度范围内,藻生物最表现出随铁浓度的升高而增大的趋势,34.65 mg·L-1铁浓度下的藻生物量高达0.460 mg·ML-1.同样地,微藻叶绿素a含量和蛋白质含量也明显地受到铁浓度的影响.在3.15 mg·L-1到18.90 mg·L-1铁浓度范围内,叶绿素a含量逐渐增高(最大值为2.41 mg·L-1);同样地,蛋白质含量在9.45 mg·L-1.铁浓度下达到最大值(0.153 mg·mL-1),而随着铁浓度的逐渐升高,叶绿素和蛋白质含量却明显降低.研究结果表明.铁浓度诱导海洋微藻的生长及代谢发生变化.一定较高浓度的铁显著地促进了藻细胞的生长繁殖和藻细胞化学组分的转化和积累.这些发现将有利于加深认识铁浓度在海洋生态系统中扮演的角色,进一步明确赤潮爆发的生理生态机制,从而有助于人们采取有效的预测、预防和管理措施以降低赤潮的危害.     

江阴地区主要内河叶绿素a动态特征及其与环境因子的相关分析

根据江阴市四条主要内河锡澄运河、白屈港河、张家港河及横河的监测数据,分析叶绿素?a（Chla）的动态变化及其与理化水质因子的相关关系,并建立逐步回归多元线性模型,筛选与Chla显著相关的水质因子。结果表明,四条河道Chla存在明显的时间变化和空间分异。不同河道对Chla有显著影响的水质因子各不相同。总体来说,锡澄运河、白屈港河及张家港河Chla的主要影响因子为水温和外源输入,而横河除了这两个因子外,还受P和NH3-N影响。     

燃煤电厂PM_(2.5)减排技术与装备探讨

燃煤电厂在我国电力工业中占有很大的比重,其烟尘排放污染问题也尤其突出。大量燃煤烟尘的排放造成了严重的环境污染,特别是其中的细颗粒物PM2.5,能长期悬浮于大气中,对人类的健康造成了长期持续的危害,因此燃煤电厂PM2.5减排技术对于环境保护事业具有重要的意义和深远的影响,大力发展PM2.5减排技术与装备是电力行业大势所趋。     

中国排污许可证制度执行现状调查

本研究以广州、石家庄、兰州、哈尔滨和大同5个城市为调研对象,收集各城市20年来许可证相关的法规制度,并与各城市环境保护监管部门负责人及典型企业环保专职人员进行了访谈。研究表明,中国排污许可证制度在提高企业环保守法意识和推动总量减排上起到了明显作用,但也面临着法律体系不完善,行政资源不足、排放量核算方法不明确、处罚力度弱以及公众参与不充分等问题。在此基础上,本研究提出中国排污许可证制度的改进建议,为决策部门制定相应的政策提供科学和技术的支撑。     

固载型TiO2光催化反应器对富营养水体杀藻作用研究

以泡沫镍作为载体，利用电沉积技术将纳米TiO₂负载在泡沫镍上，制成固载型TiO₂光催化反应器。研究表明，经过光催化反应器处理的富营养水体，30 h内叶绿素a由96.2 mg/m³降至2.2mg/m³，下降率达97.6％，而未负载纳米TiO₂普通泡沫镍材料，在同样光强的紫外灯照射下，叶绿素a下降率为74.3％，表明紫外光照射虽然也具有一定的杀藻功能，但是光催化反应才是藻类被杀灭的主要原因。利用9.54 m³景观喷水池进行杀藻中试，光催化反应器也同样表现出优异的杀藻性能，12 d内叶绿素a由18.7 mg/m³降至1.9mg/m³，下降率达到89.8％，水体由浓绿变为清澈见底，这表明光催化反应器具有很强的杀藻能力，通过有效杀灭富营养水体中藻类、控制藻类基数，对应急处理城市景观水、湖泊等富营养水体和突发性藻华，提高生物-生态法处理效率，改善城市水环境具有十分重要的意义。