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231.
Eric Jauniaux Sanjay Vyas Caroline Finlayson Gonzalo Moscoso Marie Driver Stuart Campbell 《黑龙江环境通报》1990,10(2):127-132
Ultrasonographic features of a fetus at 18 weeks of gestation suggesting a body stalk anomaly are presented. These included a large abdominal anterior wall defect in apparent continuity with the placenta, severe kyphoscoliosis of the lower spine, the absence of one kidney, and a very short umbilical cord with only one umbilical artery. The amniotic fluid was reduced and the fetus was almost immobile at short-interval ultrasound examinations. The pregnancy was terminated and autopsy of the fetus showed abnormalities compatible with maldevelopment of both cephalic and caudal embryonic folds. 相似文献
232.
Optimizing carbon sequestration in commercial forests by integrating carbon management objectives in wood supply modeling 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Charles P.-A. Bourque Eric T. Neilson Chris Gruenwald Samantha F. Perrin Jason C. Hiltz Yvon A. Blin Geoffrey V. Horsman Matthew S. Parker Christie B. Thorburn Michael M. Corey Fan-rui Meng D. Edwin Swift 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(7):1253-1275
This paper provides a methodology for generating forest management plans, which explicitly maximize carbon (C) sequestration at the forest-landscape level. This paper takes advantage of concepts first presented in a paper
by Meng et al. (2003; Mitigation Adaptation Strategies Global Change 8:371–403) by integrating C-sequestration objective functions in existing
wood supply models. Carbon-stock calculations performed in WoodstockTM (RemSoft Inc.) are based on C yields generated from volume table data obtained from local Forest Development Survey plots
and a series of wood volume-to-C content conversion factors specified in von Mirbach (2000). The approach is used to investigate the impact of three demonstration forest-management scenarios on the C budget in a
110,000 ha forest in south-central New Brunswick, Canada. Explicit demonstration scenarios addressed include (1) maximizing
timber extraction either by clearcut or selection harvesting for greatest revenue generation, (2) maximizing total C storage
in the forest landscape and in wood products generated from harvesting, and (3) maximizing C storage together with revenue
generation. The level of clearcut harvesting was greatest for scenario 1 (≥15 × 104 m3 of wood and ≥943 ha of land per harvesting period), and least for scenario 2 (=0 m3 per harvesting period) where selection harvesting dominated. Because softwood saw logs were worth more than pulpwood ($60 m−3 vs. $40 m−3) and were strategic to the long-term storage of C, the production of softwood saw logs exceeded the production of pulpwood
in all scenarios. Selection harvesting was generally the preferred harvesting method across scenarios. Only in scenario 1 did levels of clearcut harvesting occasionally exceed those of selection harvesting, mainly in the removal of old, dilapidated
stands early in the simulation (i.e., during periods 1 through 3). Scenario 2 provided the greatest total C-storage increase over 80 years (i.e., 14 × 106 Mg C, or roughly 264 Mg ha−1) at a cost of $111 per Mg C due to lost revenues. Scenarios 3 and 1 produced reduced storage rates of roughly 9 × 106 Mg C and 3 × 106 Mg C, respectively; about 64% and 22% of the total, 80-year C storage calculated in scenario 2. The bulk of the C in scenario 2 was stored in the forest, amounting to about 76% of the total C sequestered. 相似文献
233.
Venema Henry D. Schiller Eric J. Bass Brad 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》1996,1(2):139-165
The ongoing drought in the Sahel region of West Africa highlights the vulnerability of food-producing systems to climate change
and variability. Adaptation to climate should therefore increase the sustainability of agriculture under a long-term drought.
Progress towards sustainability and adaptation in the the Senegal River Basin is hampered by an existing set of social and
ecological relationships that define the control over the means of production and how people interact with their environment.
These relationships are sensitive to the technological inputs and the administration of food production, or the factor bias
in the different policy alternatives for rural development. One option is based on state-controlled, irrigated plantations
to provide rice (Oryza) for the capital, Dakar. This policy emphasizes a top-down management approach, mechanized agriculture and a reliance on
external inputs which strengthens the relationships introduced during the colonial period.
A time series decomposition of the annual flow in the Senegal River at Bakel in Senegal suggests that water resources availability
has been substantially curtailed since 1960, and a review of the water resources budget or availability in the basin suggests
that this policy's food production system is not sustainable under the current climate of the basin. Under these conditions,
this program is exacerbating existing problems of landscape degradation and desertification, which increases rural poverty.
A natural resource management policy offers two adaptation strategies that favour decentralized management and a reduction
of external inputs. The first alternative, “Les Perimetres Irrigués”, emphasizes village-scale irrigation, low water consumption
cereal crops and traditional socio-political structures. The second alternative emphasizes farm-level irrigation and agro-forestry
projects to redress the primary effects of desertification. 相似文献
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238.
McClenny WA Williams EJ Cohen RC Stutz J 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2002,52(5):542-562
The capping of stationary source emissions of NOx in 22 states and the District of Columbia is federally mandated by the NOx SIP Call legislation with the intended purpose of reducing downwind O3 concentrations. Monitors for NO, NO2, and the reactive oxides of nitrogen into which these two compounds are converted will record data to evaluate air quality model (AQM) predictions. Guidelines for testing these models indicate the need for semicontinuous measurements as close to real time as possible but no less frequently than once per hour. The measurement uncertainty required for AQM testing must be less than +/-20% (+/-10% for NO2) at mixing ratios of 1 ppbv and higher for NO, individual NOz component compounds, and NOy. This article is a review and discussion of different monitoring methods, some currently used in research and others used for routine monitoring. The performance of these methods is compared with the monitoring guidelines. Recommendations for advancing speciated and total NOy monitoring technology and a listing of demonstrated monitoring approaches are also presented. 相似文献
239.
Eric M. J. Verbruggen Willem M. G. M. van Loon Joop L. M. Hermens 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1996,3(3):163-168
Hydrophobicity is an important property in risk assessment of chemicals. A group parameter that reflects the hydrophobicity of technical mixtures is not yet available. However, many substances are complex organic mixtures, for which it is practically impossible to determine each component separately. An experimental procedure to measure the hydrophobicity of organic mixtures without knowledge of the individual components was developed and tested for a mixture of benzene and twelve chlorobenzenes. This procedure is based on separation of the mixture into fractions of increasing hydrophobicity by reversed-phase HPLC, after which the total molar concentration in each fraction is determined by vapour pressure osmometry. The obtained information on hydrophobicity can be used for assessing bioaccumulation and sediment sorption after emission of the mixture to water has occurred. 相似文献
240.
Toward a high-rate enhanced biological phosphorus removal process in a membrane-assisted bioreactor.
Alessandro Monti Eric R Hall Fred A Koch Robert N Dawson Hadi Husain Harlan G Kelly 《Water environment research》2007,79(6):675-686
A membrane enhanced biological phosphorus removal (MEBPR) process was studied to determine the impact of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and solids retention time (SRT) on the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen, and phosphorus from municipal wastewater. The MEBPR process was capable of delivering complete nitrification independent of the prevailing operating conditions, whereas a significant improvement in COD removal efficiency was observed at longer SRTs. In the absence of carbon-limiting conditions, the MEBPR process was able to achieve low phosphorus concentrations in the effluent at increasingly higher hydraulic loads, with the lowest HRT being 5 hours. The MEBPR process was also able to maintain optimal phosphorus removal when the SRT was increased from 12 to 20 days. However, at higher suspended solids concentrations, a substantial increase was observed in carbon utilization per unit mass of phosphorus removed from the influent. These results offer critical insights to the application of membrane technology for biological nutrient removal systems. 相似文献