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91.
92.
Significant concentrations of chlorinated pesticides such as 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) and its two main transformation products, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDD) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE) are still present in soil and sediment systems more than 30 years after DDT use was banned in the United States. DDT enters waterways via the runoff from industrial point sources, agricultural lands and atmospheric deposition. We evaluated zero-valent iron (Fe(0)), ferrous sulfide (FeS), as well as combining them with hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) as viable treatment technologies for degrading DDT in an aqueous solution. Treatment of DDT with Fe(0) and FeS resulted in approximately 88% and 56% transformation of DDT within 150h, respectively. DDE production was insignificant in all systems. The DDT removal was slower with FeS than with Fe(0), but the amounts of DDD and DDE produced did not exceed baseline. Treatment with a 1:1 mixture of Fe(0)-FeS removed about 95% of the added mass of DDT within 4days and generated significant amounts of DDD and minor amounts of DDMU. When small amounts of H(2)O(2) were introduced halfway through the Fe(0) and FeS treatment times, the mass of DDT decreased by 87% and 96%, respectively, within 2days. Our results demonstrate that mixtures of Fe(0)-FeS in combination with H(2)O(2) can be used for rapid and efficient removal of DDT from aqueous solutions. 相似文献
93.
FLEISHMAN E 《Environmental management》2000,26(6):685-695
Federal land managers in the western United States are interested in the potential of prescribed fire as a tool to decrease
fuel loads, increase vegetational heterogeneity, and increase faunal diversity in various ecosystems. I tested whether implementation
of a prescribed fire program by the US Forest Service in a watershed in the central Great Basin had significant effects on
butterfly species richness and composition. I monitored butterfly communities during the first two years after implementation
in five to seven burn units and controls in the watershed. To estimate baseline spatial and temporal variation in butterfly
communities in the greater ecosystem, I also monitored butterflies in five untreated canyons outside the project area. Butterfly
species richness and butterfly species composition (measured as community similarity) did not differ significantly between
burn units and controls. Geographic location had statistically significant effects on species richness. Butterfly species
composition of individual locations varied over time, as did the magnitude of that variation. These results emphasize that
standardized, repeatable monitoring protocols are vital for evaluating the effects of experimental management treatments and
for predicting and assessing the effects of future management strategies and environmental changes. 相似文献
94.
95.
Susan K. Rope W. John Arthur III Timothy H. Craig Erica H. Craig 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1988,10(1):1-24
Concentrations of thirty elements were measured in strong-acid extracts of soil, sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata spp.) leaves and perennial grass from the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) and two reference sites in southern Idaho. A bicarbonate-chelating extract of soil was used to estimate plant-available concentrations. The results provide baseline data prior to start-up of a coal-fired steam generation facility on the INEL and other developments in the region. In addition, existing impact from effluents from thirty years of a nuclear fuel reprocessing facility on the INEL was evaluated. Based on the spatial distribution of element concentrations, as well as comparison with references sites, we conclude that concentrations of Zn, and perhaps Ni, Cd, and V, are currently elevated around the fuel reprocessing facility. The spatial distribution of these elements is similar to that of 137Cs in soil, a radionuclide which is emitted by the facility. Sagebrush and soil appear more responsive than perennial grass for long-term monitoring of element concentrations in this semi-arid environment. 相似文献
96.
Catalina T. Pastor-de-Ward Tamara Rubilar María E. Díaz-de-Vivar Ximena Gonzalez-Pisani Erica Zarate Marina Kroeck Enrique Morsan 《Marine Biology》2007,151(1):205-217
The starfish Cosmasterias lurida was sampled from the pier piles of Almirante Storni in the Golfo Nuevo, northern Patagonia, from November 2001 to November
2003. In this anthropogenically modified site there is an unusually abundant food supply of mussels and large aggregations
of starfishes. The reproductive cycle was studied by organ indices and histological examination of gonads. The highest gonad
index (GI) values were found in the summer (February–March), followed by a drop in GI values, indicating spawning. Histological
analyses indicated that gametogenesis takes place from June to January, sexual maturity occurred during the summer and spawning
occurred in April. The GI and pyloric caeca index (PCI) tended to have an inverse relationship, but this was only statistically
significant in males. However, biochemical analyses of the starfish indicated no transfer of nutrients between pyloric caeca
and gonads in either sex. In fact, simultaneous accumulation of carbohydrates was found in the pyloric caeca and gonads of
both sexes. 相似文献
97.
98.
The influence of abiotic factors on the establishment and success of invasive species is often difficult to determine for
most marine ecosystems. However, examining this relationship is critical for predicting the spread of invasive species and
predicting which habitats will be most vulnerable to invasion. Here we examine the mortality and physiological sensitivity
to salinity of adult colonies of the colonial ascidians Botryllus schlosseri and Botrylloides violaceus. Adult colonies of each species were exposed to abrupt changes in salinity (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 psu) in the laboratory.
Salinity ranges used in the laboratory corresponded with those of the field distributions of B. violaceus and B. schlosseri in the Great Bay Estuary, NH. Heart rate was used as a proxy for health to assess the condition of individual colonies. Heart
rates were monitored daily for approximately 2 weeks. Results revealed that both species experienced 100% mortality after
1 day at 5 psu and that their heart rates declined with decreasing salinity. Heart rates of B. schlosseri remained consistent between 15 and 30 psu and slowed at 10 psu. Heart rates of B. violaceus remained constant between 20 and 30 psu, but slowed at 15 psu. These laboratory results corresponded to the distribution
of these species in estuaries, indicating salinity is a key factor in the distribution and dominance of B. schlosseri and B. violaceus among coastal and estuarine sites. Furthermore, physiological differences to salinity were found between colonies of B. schlosseri in the Venetian Lagoon and colonies in Portsmouth Harbor, suggesting adaptation to environmental variables. 相似文献
99.
Janie L. Gittleman Author Vitae Paige C. Gardner Author Vitae Author Vitae Julie M. Sampson Author Vitae Author Vitae Erica D. Ermann Author Vitae Author Vitae Peter Y. Chen Author Vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2010,41(3):263-281
Problem
The present study describes a response to eight tragic deaths over an eighteen month times span on a fast track construction project on the largest commercial development project in U.S. history.Methods
Four versions of a survey were distributed to workers, foremen, superintendents, and senior management. In addition to standard Likert-scale safety climate scale items, an open-ended item was included at the end of the survey.Results
Safety climate perceptions differed by job level. Specifically, management perceived a more positive safety climate as compared to workers. Content analysis of the open-ended item was used to identify important safety and health concerns which might have been overlooked with the qualitative portion of the survey.Discussion
The surveys were conducted to understand workforce issues of concern with the aim of improving site safety conditions. Such efforts can require minimal investment of resources and time and result in critical feedback for developing interventions affecting organizational structure, management processes, and communication.Summary
The most important lesson learned was that gauging differences in perception about site safety can provide critical feedback at all levels of a construction organization.Impact on the Industry
Implementation of multi-level organizational perception surveys can identify major safety issues of concern. Feedback, if acted upon, can potentially result in fewer injuries and fatal events. 相似文献100.
Ian Ross Jeffrey McDonough Jonathan Miles Peter Storch Parvathy Thelakkat Kochunarayanan Erica Kalve Jake Hurst Soumitri S. Dasgupta Jeff Burdick 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》2018,28(2):101-126
The need for remediation of poly‐ and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) is growing as a result of more regulatory attention to this new class of contaminants with diminishing water quality standards being promulgated, commonly in the parts per trillion range. PFASs comprise >3,000 individual compounds, but the focus of analyses and regulations has generally been PFASs termed perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), which are all extremely persistent, can be highly mobile, and are increasingly being reported to bioaccumulate, with understanding of their toxicology evolving. However, there are thousands of polyfluorinated “PFAA precursors”, which can transform in the environment and in higher organisms to create PFAAs as persistent daughter products. Some PFASs can travel miles from their point of release, as they are mobile and persistent, potentially creating large plumes. The use of a conceptual site model (CSM) to define risks posed by specific PFASs to potential receptors is considered essential. Granular activated carbon (GAC) is commonly used as part of interim remedial measures to treat PFASs present in water. Many alternative treatment technologies are being adapted for PFASs or ingenious solutions developed. The diversity of PFASs commonly associated with use of multiple PFASs in commercial products is not commonly assessed. Remedial technologies, which are adsorptive or destructive, are considered for both soils and waters with challenges to their commercial application outlined. Biological approaches to treat PFASs report biotransformation which creates persistent PFAAs, no PFASs can biodegrade. Water treatment technologies applied ex situ could be used in a treatment train approach, for example, to concentrate PFASs and then destroy them on‐site. Dynamic groundwater recirculation can greatly enhance contaminant mass removal via groundwater pumping. This review of technologies for remediation of PFASs describes that:
- GAC may be effective for removal of long‐chain PFAAs, but does not perform well on short‐chain PFAAs and its use for removal of precursors is reported to be less effective;
- Anion‐exchange resins can remove a wider array of long‐ and short‐chain PFAAs, but struggle to treat the shortest chain PFAAs and removal of most PFAA precursors has not been evaluated;
- Ozofractionation has been applied for PFASs at full scale and shown to be effective for removal of total PFASs;
- Chemical oxidation has been demonstrated to be potentially applicable for some PFAAs, but when applied in situ there is concern over the formation of shorter chain PFAAs and ongoing rebound from sorbed precursors;
- Electrochemical oxidation is evolving as a destructive technology for many PFASs, but can create undesirable by‐products such as perchlorate and bromate;
- Sonolysis has been demonstrated as a potential destructive technology in the laboratory but there are significant challenges when considering scale up;
- Soils stabilization approaches are evolving and have been used at full scale but performance need to be assessed using appropriate testing regimes;
- Thermal technologies to treat PFAS‐impacted soils show promise but elevated temperatures (potentially >500 °C) may be required for treatment.