Are current Chinese national ambient air quality standards on 24-hour averages for particulate matter sufficient to protect public health?

With rapid economic development and urbanization in recent decades, China has experienced the worsening of ambient air quality. For better air quality management to protect human health, Chinese government revised national ambient air quality standards(NAAQS) for particulate matter(PM) in 2012(GB3095-2012). To assess the effectiveness of current NAAQS for PM on public health in Chinese population, we conducted a metaanalysis on published studies examining the mortality risk of short-term exposure to PM with aerodynamic diameters less than 10 and 2.5 μm(PM_(10) and PM_(2.5)) in China. The reported24-hour concentrations of PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) in studies ranged from 43.5 to 150.1 μg/m~3 and 37.5 to 176.7 μg/m~3. In the pooled excess, mortality risk estimates of short-term exposure to PM.In specific, per 10 μg/m~3 increase in PM_(10), we observed increases of 0.40%(95%CI: 0.33%,0.47%), 0.57%(95%CI: 0.44%, 0.70%) and 0.49%(95%CI: 0.40%, 0.58%) in total, respiratory and cardiovascular mortality, per 10 μg/m~3 increase in PM_(2.5), we observed increases of 0.51%(95%CI: 0.38%, 0.63%), 0.62%(95%CI: 0.52%, 0.73%) and 0.75%(95%CI: 0.54%, 0.95%) in total,respiratory and cardiovascular mortality. Finally, we derived 125 μg/m~3 for PM_(10) and 62.5 μg/m~3 for PM_(2.5) as 24-hour recommendation values based on the pooled estimates. Our results indicated that current Chinese NAAQS for PM could be sufficient in mitigating the excess mortality risk from short-term exposure to ambient PM. However, future research on longterm exposure cohort studies in Chinese population is also essential in revising annual averages for PM in Chinese NAAQS.     

利用集合均方根卡尔曼滤波反演重庆地区SO2源排放

传统的"自下而上"清单方法估算的排放清单,其数据的准确性和时效性存在较大局限.基于集合均方根卡尔曼滤波的源清单反演方法,结合WRF-CMAQ（天气研究和预报模式-公共多尺度空气质量模型）被用于对以清华大学编制的2010年MEIC（中国多尺度排放清单模型）排放清单为基础制作的重庆地区SO₂排放源进行反演试验以解决准确性和时效性问题,试验时间段为2014年10月15-31日,重庆主城17个环境空气质量国控监测点ρ（SO₂）小时观测资料用于反演及检验.结果表明:该方法能够反演重庆地区SO₂源排放量,随着反演次数增加,基于反演排放源预报的ρ（SO₂）预报误差持续减小,反演4次后预报误差达到比较低的稳定的水平,其均方根误差均低于20 μg/m3. 5次反演后SO₂源排放量用于2014年10月24-29日每天起始预报,其预报的站点、时间平均的均方根误差从100~400 μg/m3降至30 μg/m3以下.反演中应用局地化尺度减少集合取样误差影响,54与81 km两个局地化尺度反演结果对预报改善效果相当,表明主要影响重庆主城ρ（SO₂）的源排放位于主城及周边地区,也说明内源排放对重庆主城ρ（SO₂）起主要影响.反演后面源排放量主城区降幅约为30 kg/（d·km2）,周边地区减少10~20 kg/（d·km2）,主城区部分SO₂点源排放量降幅约为25 kg/（d·km2）,说明2010年MEIC排放清单高估了试验时段重庆地区的SO₂排放.      

喀斯特山区水库底泥养分与重金属的含量特征——以阿哈水库为例

为摸清喀斯特山区阿哈水库底泥的养分情况和重金属污染状况,评价底泥农业资源化利用潜力,根据水库地形地貌、入库河流和出库口分布等特点,采集0~100 cm深度的底泥样品12个,分析和评价了阿哈水库底泥的养分状况及重金属污染水平。结果表明:底泥的有机质、总氮、总磷和总钾平均质量比分别为92.25 g/kg、3.35 g/kg、0.76 g/kg和14.18 g/kg,对照全国第二次土壤普查有关标准,有机质和总氮处于很高水平,总磷处于中上水平,而总钾处于中下水平,各养分指标的变异系数为25.49%~41.06%,空间差异较强;底泥Cr、Cd、Pb、As、Hg、Cu和Zn的平均质量比分别为104.86 mg/kg、1.12 mg/kg、75.87 mg/kg、26.68 mg/kg、0.27 mg/kg、59.53 mg/kg和164.65mg/kg,均高于贵州省土壤重金属背景值、贵州表生沉积物背景值和全国水系沉积物平均值,各重金属元素的变异系数为31.41%~132.34%,具有很强的空间变异性;以《食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准》为评价标准,底泥重金属內梅罗综合污染水平和潜在生态危害程度均为中等,且Cd的贡献最大。综上,阿哈水库底泥养分丰富,但污染较严重,不适于耕地利用,可考虑用于园林绿地。     

Pyrolysis behaviors of oil sludge based on TG/FTIR and PY-GC/MS

Pyrolysis is an alternative technology for oil sludge treatment. Thermogravimetric Analysis-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry were employed to investigate the pyrolysis process and products of oil sludge. The pyrolysis process was divided into five stages: drying and gas desorption, oil volatilization, main pyrolysis, semi-coke charring, and mineral decomposition. The main reaction temperatures ranged from 497.6 K to 753.2 K. The products were mainly composed of pairs of alkane and alkene (carbon number ranges from 1 to 27). The mechanisms consisted of random chain scission followed by end chain scission at high temperatures with volatilization occurring during the whole process. This study is useful not only for the proper design of a pyrolysis system, but also for improving the utilization of liquid oil products.     

场地环境评价在中国的现状及其发展趋势

以中国现有的场地环境评价的标准和法律法规,以及实施现状为基础,参照发达国家和地区的相关经验,阐述在中国实施场地环境评价的必要性和相关标准的制定或修订趋势。在中国广泛推进实施场地环境评价,不仅有利于降低场地变更带来的环境风险,降低场地买卖和商业并购中的投资风险,还有利于加强对土壤和地下水的环境保护。     

唐山市区大气环境中氮氧化物的监测与分析

通过使用分光光度法测定大气中氮氧化物浓度,采集样品分析得出唐山市西道大气中氮氧化物污染现状,了解大气中氮氧化物污染水平。由实验数据分析可知,路段中间的监测点的氮氧化物日小时均值浓度大约为0．037mg／m^3,氮氧化物浓度值受风力影响大于车流量的影响,路口监测点由于车流量大,其氮氧化物浓度值也对应升高,大约为0.046mg/m^3,其受车流量的影响大于风力影响,说明当车流量超过一定值时,风力的影响就会战弱。结果表明,唐山市新华西道氮氧化物日均值浓度大于0.05mg／m^3,氮氧化物污染指标的平均值均超过国家环境空气质量二级标准。因此,此道路属于污染区。还提出了减轻氮氧化物污染状况的几点建议。     

昆山市人居环境质量综合评价研究

从城市人居环境系统构成的角度,并根据昆山市社会经济环境特点,建立了一套评价昆山市人居环境质量的指标体系。根据昆山市2002年-2007年统计年鉴的数据资料,进一步从居住条件和资源配置、生态环境、基础设施和公共服务、城市发展水平四个方面对昆山市人居环境质量进行了较为详细的评价,并将人居环境质量改善与GDP增长进行比较。结果表明,2002年以来昆山市人居环境质量有较大的改善,但仍滞后与经济的发展速度。     

Shrinkage and fragmentation of grasslands in the West Songnen Plain,China

In the past century, especially the past five decades, the grasslands of the West Songnen Plain, Northeast China, were rapidly converted into croplands and salinized wasteland, and experienced a fragmentation process that is still ongoing. Almost no information is available on the spatial-temporal changes of grasslands in this area. In this study, grassland cover change, agricultural reclamation and salinized wasteland expansion were investigated during the past five decades. Grassland fragmentation was studied based on four landscape metrics. The grassland cover change was detected from a time series of topographic maps from 1954, satellite images of Landsat TM in 1986, 1995, and 2000 using remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS). In addition, the land use changes were analyzed using a transition matrix of land use types, while the driving forces were explored according to climatic changes and socioeconomic developments. The results indicated a significant decrease in grassland area. Of the 1 418 945 ha of native grassland in 1954, approximately 64% was removed by 2000, while the number of patches (NP) increased from 865 to 2035 and the mean patch size (MPS) decreased from 1640 ha to 252 ha. During the whole study period, the average annual decrease rate of grassland was 34 894 ha/year. Cropland and salinized wasteland were the two main land use types into which grassland converted. During the past decades, obvious climatic changes occurred, which supplied a favorable potential environment for agricultural development but damaged grassland productivity. On the other hand, population, GDP and livestock number increased significantly as grassland quality decreased. According to the results, the shrinkage and fragmentation of grasslands may well be explained by socioeconomic development and aided by changing climatic conditions.     

乙醇对硫酸盐还原-甲烷发酵效率影响的研究

针对硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）、产酸菌（AB）和产甲烷菌（MPB）的生态位特征,采用两级厌氧与循环气提吹脱工艺,以蔗糖和乙醇为有机底物（COD为6　000 mg·L^-1）,在不同COD/SO^2-₄时分别研究了底物中乙醇浓度对硫酸盐还原、有机物去除和甲烷发酵效率的影响,以及系统的硫化物吹脱效果和最佳回流率.结果表明,乙醇的添加可以促进SO^2-₄还原,并使COD/SO^2-₄降低产生的竞争性抑制作用减弱,SRB、AB和MPB菌群处于良好的协同代谢状态.乙醇/SO^2-₄从0提升至2后系统的处理效率明显改善,COD/SO^2-₄为12、 6和4时的SO^2-₄还原率分别由7.7%、 8.1%、 14.1%提高为84.7%、 87.6%、 82.5%,COD去除率由83.3%、 76.5%、 69.6%提高为92.8%、 93.5%、 89.7%,CH₄/COD由225.7、 204.6、 178.6 mL·g^-1提高至278.5、 253.7、 236.1 mL·g^-1.系统经10倍回流水稀释及气提吹脱30%～55%的硫化物后,硫化物浓度分别低于27.8、 38.4、 52.4 mg·L^-1,有效地抑制了H₂S的毒性作用.但回流率偏大（20倍）使底物浓度梯度过低,SO^2-₄还原率下降;回流率偏低（5倍）使污泥床无法充分膨胀,COD去除率降低.     

淮北煤田河流水化学特征及意义

2014年7月对淮北煤田主要河流及地下水系统采集20个水样,测试了水样中常规水化学及氢氧同位素含量,利用多元统计及传统图示方法探讨了水化学类型及水化学过程,并对水样适用性进行评价。结果表明,水样整体呈弱碱性,水样中TDS含量偏高,阳离子以Na++K+为主,阴离子以SO2-4和HCO-3为主,水化学类型主要为Na-SO4和Na-HCO_3型;水样具有较好的灌溉适用性,但处理前不宜直接饮用;水样δD在-53.07‰~-22.07‰之间变化,平均值为-38.30‰,δ18O在-6.97‰~-1.23‰之间变化,平均值为-4.09‰,受到了明显的蒸发作用影响,δD和δ18O关系方程为δD=5.21δ18O-16.90,可作为区域蒸发线的参考;Gibbs和主成分分析显示水样中元素含量特征主要受到岩石风化和蒸发作用的影响。