SDBS及腐殖酸对涕灭威及其氧化产物水解的影响

 研究了腐殖酸(胡敏酸,HA和富里酸,FA)和表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)对氨基甲酸酯农药涕灭威及其氧化产物涕灭威亚砜和涕灭威砜的水解作用的影响.结果表明,SDBS可以促进涕灭威及其氧化产物的水解,随着SDBS的浓度由0增加为1200mg/L,涕灭威,涕灭威亚砜和涕灭威砜的水解速率常数K值分别增加了约8倍,7倍和6倍.腐殖酸可抑制涕灭威及其氧化产物的水解.在pH值为12的水溶液中,当FA的浓度由0增大到1000mg/L时,涕灭威,涕灭威亚砜和涕灭威砜的水解速率常数K值分别下降了83%,50%,68%;随着HA的浓度由0增大到1000mg/L时,涕灭威,涕灭威亚砜和涕灭威砜的水解速率常数K值分别下降了45%,56%,22%.研究结果对受农药污染土壤的修复有一定的指导意义.     

Use of spent mushroom compost to bioremediate PAH-contaminated samples

Spent mushroom compost (SMC) is a bulky waste byproduct of mushroom industry and produced abundantly. The SMC of Pleurotus pulmonarius immobilized laccase (0.88 mmoles min(-1) g(-1)) and manganese peroxidase (0.58 mmoles min(-1) g(-1)) of which the optimal temperatures were 45 and 75 degrees C, respectively. In laboratory test, complete degradative removal of individual naphthalene, phenanthrene, benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[g,h,i]perylene (200 mg PAH kg(-1) sandy-loam soil) by 5% SMC was obtained in two days under continuous shaking at 80 degrees C. The SMC-treated PAH samples had significantly reduced or removed their toxicities as revealed by the Microtox bioassay. These results were confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis on the breakdown products. A phthalic derivative which is reported as a degradative product of PAHs by ozonation or ligninolysis was also detected in the SMC-treated samples. The results demonstrate the potential in employing SMC in ex situ bioremediation.     

Observations of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol degradation by ozone

The aqueous reactivity of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) with ozone has been studied at laboratory-scale using a simple gas bubble/liquid contacting system. Degradation rate constants were measured directly and found to be 7.6 and 77.2 M(-1)s(-1) at pH 2 and 7.5, respectively. At pH 7.5, 10 min of ozonation ( identical with 15 mM ozone consumption) achieved a 90% degradation of TCP, which corresponded to the release of approximately 2 mol Cl(-) per mol TCP. The presence of hydrogen peroxide in solution did not significantly increase the TCP degradation but increased the overall dechlorination to 2.7 mol Cl(-) per mol TCP. The presence of humic acid (HA) in solution was found to enhance the degradation rate of TCP at low relative HA concentrations (<0.6 g/g HA:TCP), but to reduce the rate at higher HA concentrations.     

Removal of biocide pentachlorophenol in water system by the spent mushroom compost of Pleurotus pulmonarius

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) has been widely used as a wood preservative since 1980s. Although it has been banned worldwide, residues of PCP are still commonly found. The spent compost of oyster mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius (SMC) which was a degraded paddy straw-based substrate, contained 25% chitin. Five percentage of the SMC could remove 89.0 +/- 0.4% of 100 mg PCPl(-1) within 2 days at room temperature predominantly by biodegradation. The maximum removal capacity was 15.5 +/- 1.0 mg g(-1) SMC. The sorption kinetics of PCP by SMC can be described by the Freundlich monolayer model with a theoretical sorption capacity similar to that found for chitin. A PCP-degradative bacterium was isolated from the SMC. Yet, biodegradation was predominantly contributed by the immobilized ligninolytic enzymes secreted by the mushroom to the SMC. Degradation of PCP involves dechlorination, methylation, carboxylation and ring cleavage as verified by GC-MSD and ion chromatography. Thus, the SMC has a potential for treating PCP-contaminated water.     

沉淀法回收聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料的工艺研究

研究沉淀法回收聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料(EPS)的工艺,利用石油裂解副产物为溶剂回收废旧聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料,以废治废,回收利用。溶剂低毒,对聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料溶解速度快,溶解量大,价廉易得。采用转式间歇投料并附加溶剂挥发分回收装置的工艺,溶剂回收率高,无二次污染,可循环使用。聚苯乙烯塑料(PS)回收率可达99%。     

The degradation of endocrine disruptor di-n-butyl phthalate by UV irradiation: a photolysis and product study

The direct photolysis of an important endocrine disruptor compound, di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), has been investigated under monochromatic UV irradiation at 254 nm over a wide pH range (3-11). The investigation was carried out under idealized conditions and has considered both reaction kinetics and the degradation mechanism. It was found that more than 90% of DBP can be degraded within an hour of irradiation in water. A simple model has been developed and used to predict the initial DBP photolysis rate constant at different pH values and initial DBP concentrations. The major decomposition mechanism of DBP is believed to involve the hydrolytic photolysis of the carbon in the alpha and/or beta-position of the ester chain with the production of aromatic carboxylic derivatives. Additionally, multi-degradation pathways are proposed for acid-catalyzed hydrolytic photolysis (pH 3-5), which was found to be useful in explaining the photo-degradation of DBP under acidic conditions. The use of 254 nm UV to photo-degrade DBP was found to be a relatively fast and clean process, especially in neutral to basic conditions.     

Characteristics of single atmospheric particles in a heavily polluted urban area of China: size distributions and mixing states

To investigate the chemical composition, size distribution, and mixing state of aerosol particles on heavy pollution days, single-particle aerosol mass spectrometry was conducted during 9–26 October 2015 in Xi’an, China. The measured particles were classified into six major categories: biomass burning (BB) particles, K-secondary particles, elemental carbon (EC)–related particles, metal-containing particles, dust, and organic carbon (OC) particles. BB and EC-related particles were the dominant types during the study period and mainly originated from biomass burning, vehicle emissions, and coal combustion. According to the ambient air quality index, two typical episodes were defined: clean days (CDs) and polluted days (PDs). Accumulation of BB particles and EC-related particles was the main reason for the pollution in Xi’an. Most types of particle size were larger on PDs than CDs. Each particle type was mixed with secondary species to different degrees on CDs and PDs, indicating that atmospheric aging occurred. The mixing state results demonstrated that the primary tracers were oxidized or vanished and that the amount of secondary species was increased on PDs. This study provides valuable information and a dataset to help control air pollution in the urban areas of Xi’an.

Graphical abstract

     

一株耐酸SRB的分离及其脱硫除镉性能

为减轻酸性矿山废水引起的环境污染,为矿山废水处理提供潜在的菌种资源,从土壤中分离出一株耐酸的硫酸盐还原菌SRB1并探讨了该菌株的还原硫酸盐和除镉特性.结果表明该菌株具有较强的脱硫除镉能力,其最低耐受pH值,最适温度,最大耐Cd²⁺浓度分别为3.7,35℃和40mg/L.在COD/SO₄^2-≥2,Cd²⁺浓度≤30mg/L条件下,除镉率可达99%以上.在高浓度Cd²⁺和SO₄^2-的体系中,该菌对Cd²⁺有较强的吸附作用,能将Cd²⁺从50mg/L降至15.5mg/L,吸附率达58%,采用二次培养能将SO₄^2-从1.5g/L降至0.04g/L,脱硫率达97.3%,Cd²⁺浓度几乎降为零.TEM、FTIR、SEM表征显示,在镉胁迫下,该菌株的细胞形态发生改变,吸附前后,红外吸收峰改变明显,沉淀颗粒含有结晶CdS.     

温州沿海大型塑料垃圾排放特征研究

通过调查温州滨海地区近岸海上渔业、航运码头、滨海旅游及餐饮业等行业塑料垃圾的排放,分析行业区域塑料垃圾赋存特征,并初步估算各行业塑料垃圾排放量.结果表明：海上渔业活动区中,以避风塘渔港（S4）塑料垃圾占比最高（91.68%）,且以聚乙烯、聚苯乙烯和聚丙烯塑料为主,而东沙渔港（S2）和霞关海水养殖区（S6）以聚苯乙烯泡沫为主,占比分别为26.75%和23.66%.海滩餐饮活动区的塑料垃圾最少,塑料垃圾占比为33.13%.各活动区塑料垃圾的主要类型有塑料袋、塑料瓶、塑料盒、塑料管及破碎的塑料块.据估算,海上渔业活动区与滨海旅游区年排放塑料垃圾量约为1.21×10⁴t/a.为从根本上防治海洋塑料垃圾和海洋微塑料污染,需首先对沿海各行业的塑料垃圾排放源头加强管理,如海水养殖与海洋捕捞活动.