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201.
This study presented the monitoring and quantification of streambed sedimentation and scour in a stream with dynamically changing streambed based on measured phase and amplitude of the diurnal signal of sediment temperature time series. With the applied method, changes in streambed elevation were estimated on a sub-daily scale with 2-h intervals without continuous maintenance of the measurement system, thus making both high temporal resolution and long-term monitoring of streambed elevations possible. Estimates of streambed elevation showed that during base flow conditions streambed elevation fluctuates by 2–3 cm. Following high stream stages, scouring of 2–5 cm can be observed even at areas with low stream flow and weak currents. Our results demonstrate that weather variability can induce significant changes in the stream water and consequently sediment temperatures influencing the diurnal temperature signal in such an extent that the sediment thickness between paired temperature sensors were overestimated by up to 8 cm. These observations have significant consequences on the design of vertical sensor spacing in high-flux environments and in climates with reduced diurnal variations in air temperature. 相似文献
202.
Thöni L Seitler E Meier M Zürcher F Hertz J 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,138(1-3):207-218
This study presents the results of the analyses of Cd, Pb, cations and anions present in precipitation and dust at a pre-alpine
and a suburban site in Switzerland in the period from 1988 to 2003. The aim of these measurements was to monitor the success
of measures taken to diminish pollutant emissions. No change was found for Ca2+, K+, Na+ and Mg2+ loads – in line with expectations, as no reducing measures had been taken. Statistically significant and largely decreasing
values (50–90%) were found for Cl− and Cd (linked to the fitting of filters in incineration plants), Pb (unleaded petrol), (diminishing the use of mineral oil with high S content), and the proton (lower HCl and SO2 emissions). A smaller decrease (up to 30%) or none was registered for oxidised nitrogen components (fitting cars with catalytic
converters, but an increase in numbers of cars and trucks). No significant change was found for NH3 as farming techniques had undergone no major changes. The long-term measurements show that the measures taken to reduce emissions
were successful. A shorter monitoring period would have been misleading owing to data variability and temporary incidents
e.g. amount of precipitation. 相似文献
203.
We studied movement and site fidelity of males and females of the territorial frog Allobates femoralis (Aromobatidae) in a population in the Nature Reserve “Les Nouragues” in French Guiana, South America. Observations during
3 months in 2006 ascertained intra-seasonal site fidelity for males and females. Males actively defend large multi-purpose
territories whereas females retreat to small resting sites from where they commute to neighbouring males for courtship and
mating. Female short-term movement corroborates the previous assumption of a polygynous or promiscuous resource-defence mating
system. Year-to-year recaptures from 2005 until 2008 revealed distinct patterns of inter-annual movement for males and regional
site fidelity for females. Males abandon their territories and have to re-negotiate them when reproduction starts again at
the end of the dry season. Females are not subject to intra- or inter-sexual territorial competition and as a result move
significantly less between reproductive seasons than males. Male long-term movement reflects spatial structure and prevailing
social interactions and is a reliable indicator for tadpole deposition sites. The combined effects of intra- and inter-seasonal
movement promote the diversity of mates for both sexes. 相似文献
204.
Farkas J Peter H Christian P Gallego Urrea JA Hassellöv M Tuoriniemi J Gustafsson S Olsson E Hylland K Thomas KV 《Environment international》2011,37(6):1057-1062
The increasing number of nanomaterial based consumer products raises concerns about their possible impact on the environment. This study provides an assessment of the effluent from a commercially available silver nanowashing machine. The washing machine released silver in its effluent at an average concentration of 11μgL(-1), as determined by inductive coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The presence of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was confirmed by single particle ICP-MS as well as ion selective electrode measurements and filtration techniques. Size measurements showed particles to be in the defined nanosize range, with an average size of 10nm measured with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and 60-100nm determined with nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). The effluent was shown to have negative effects on a natural bacterial community as its abundance was clearly reduced when exposed to the nanowash water. If washing machines capable of producing AgNPs become a common feature of households in the future, wastewater will contain significant loadings of AgNPs which might be released into the environment. 相似文献
205.
Bert Schreurs Eva Derous Edwin A. J. Van Hooft Karin Proost Karel De Witte 《组织行为杂志》2009,30(6):761-783
Applicants' pretest expectations about the forthcoming selection procedure may serve as a key factor in applicants' decision‐making. The current study examined the validity of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) as an explanatory mechanism of the relationship between pretest selection expectations (warmth/respect, chance to demonstrate potential, difficulty of faking, unbiased assessment, feedback) and job pursuit behavior. Data were collected at two points in time, using a sample of applicants for the military. Selection expectations, job pursuit attitude, subjective norm, and controllability were significantly related to job pursuit intention. Job pursuit attitude mediated the relationship between selection expectations and job pursuit intention. Subjective norm and time lag were the only significant predictors of job pursuit behavior. Practical implications, strengths and limitations, as well as directions for further research are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
206.
Eduard Hanslík Diana Ivanovová Eva Juranová Pavel Šimonek Věra Jedináková-Křížová 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2009
The paper summarizes impacts of the Temelín Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) on the Vltava and Labe River basins. The study is based on the results of long-term monitoring carried out before the plant operation (1989–2000), and subsequently during the plant operation (2001–2005). In the first period, the main objective was to determine background radionuclide levels remaining in the environment after global fallout and due to the Chernobyl accident. A decrease in the concentrations of 90Sr, 134Cs and 137Cs, which was observed before the plant operation, continued also during the subsequent period. Apart from tritium, the results of the observation did not indicate any impacts of the plant on the concentrations of activation and fission products in the hydrosphere. The annual average tritium concentrations in the Vltava River were in agreement with predicted values. The maximum annual average tritium concentration (13.5 Bq L−1) was observed in 2004 downstream from the wastewater discharge in the Vltava River at Solenice. Estimated radiation doses for adults due to intakes of river water as drinking water contaminated by tritium are below 0.1 μSv y−1. 相似文献
207.
Contardo-Jara V Klingelmann E Wiegand C 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(1):57-63
The bioaccumulation potential of glyphosate and the formulation Roundup Ultra, as well as possible effects on biotransformation and antioxidant enzymes in Lumbriculus variegatus were compared by four days exposure to concentrations between 0.05 and 5 mg L−1 pure glyphosate and its formulation. Bioaccumulation was determined using 14C labeled glyphosate. The bioaccumulation factor (BCF) varied between 1.4 and 5.9 for the different concentrations, and was higher than estimated from log Pow. Glyphosate and its surfactant POEA caused elevation of biotransformation enzyme soluble glutathione S-transferase at non-toxic concentrations. Membrane bound glutathione S-transferase activity was significantly elevated in Roundup Ultra exposed worms, compared to treatment with equal glyphosate concentrations, but did not significantly differ from the control. Antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase was significantly increased by glyphosate but in particular by Roundup Ultra exposure indicating oxidative stress. The results show that the formulation Roundup Ultra is of more ecotoxicological relevance than the glyphosate itself. 相似文献
208.
Chlorinated pesticides can contain impurities of dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and their precursors, as a result of various manufacturing processes and conditions. As precursor formation of PCDD/Fs can also be mediated by ultraviolet light (UV), this study investigated whether PCDD/Fs are formed when currently used pesticides are exposed to natural sunlight. Formulations containing pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB; n = 2) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D; n = 1) were exposed to sunlight in quartz tubes, and the concentration of 93 PCDD/F congeners were monitored over time. Considerable formation of PCDD/Fs was observed in both PCNB formulations (by up to 5600%, to a maximum concentration of 57 000 μg ∑PCDD/F kg−1) as well as the 2,4-D formulation (by 3000%, to 140 μg ∑PCDD/F kg−1). TEQ also increased by up to 980%, to a maximum concentration of 28 μg kg−1 in PCNB, but did not change in the 2,4-D formulation. Assuming similar yields as observed in the present study as a worst case scenario the use of PCNB in Australia may result in the formation of 155 g TEQ annum−1, contributed primarily by OCDD formation. This warrants detailed evaluations on the contemporary release of PCDD/Fs to the environment after the use of pesticides. Changes in congener profiles (including the ratio of PCDDs to PCDFs (DF ratio)) suggest that pesticide sources of PCDD/Fs after sunlight exposure may not be recognized based on matching source fingerprints established from manufacturing impurities. These changes also provide preliminary insights into the possible formation routes and types of precursors involved. 相似文献
209.
Eva Landová Jana Marešová Olga Šimková Veronika Cikánová Daniel Frynta 《Journal of environmental psychology》2012,32(1):69-77
Animals are ancestrally important stimuli for us and thus, we pay disproportional attention to them over other objects. Some of them, like snakes, attract attention as well as elicit fear reactions. We assessed human aesthetic preferences and fear reaction aroused by 20 forms of king snakes, represented by live snakes and their photographs. There was no correlation between the beauty and fear response exuded by live snakes, which indicates that these are two independent processes. Evaluation of live snakes tightly correlated with the results obtained from photographs in both beauty and fear tasks. Respondents evaluated aposematic (black-and-white/yellow-red striped) and purely black species as the most fear-evoking, which is discussed in an evolutionary framework. Interestingly, irrespective of the actual task, i.e. evaluation of beauty or fear, respondents categorized the species within similar clusters (cognitive categories). 相似文献
210.
Terry Bidleman Kathleen Agosta Agneta Andersson Eva Brorström-Lundén Peter Haglund Katarina Hansson Hjalmar Laudon Seth Newton Olle Nygren Matyas Ripszam Mats Tysklind Karin Wiberg 《Ambio》2015,44(3):472-483
Long-range atmospheric transport is a major pathway for delivering persistent organic pollutants to the oceans. Atmospheric deposition and volatilization of chlorinated pesticides and algae-produced bromoanisoles (BAs) were estimated for Bothnian Bay, northern Baltic Sea, based on air and water concentrations measured in 2011–2012. Pesticide fluxes were estimated using monthly air and water temperatures and assuming 4 months ice cover when no exchange occurs. Fluxes were predicted to increase by about 50 % under a 2069–2099 prediction scenario of higher temperatures and no ice. Total atmospheric loadings to Bothnian Bay and its catchment were derived from air–sea gas exchange and “bulk” (precipitation + dry particle) deposition, resulting in net gains of 53 and 46 kg year?1 for endosulfans and hexachlorocyclohexanes, respectively, and net loss of 10 kg year?1 for chlordanes. Volatilization of BAs releases bromine to the atmosphere and may limit their residence time in Bothnian Bay. This initial study provides baseline information for future investigations of climate change on biogeochemical cycles in the northern Baltic Sea and its catchment. 相似文献