<Emphasis Type="Italic">Jeholornis</Emphasis> compared to<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Archaeopteryx</Emphasis>, with a new understanding of the earliest avian evolution

The recently reported Jeholornis represents the only known bird with a complete long skeletal tail except for Archaeopteryx. Two newly discovered specimens referable to Jeholornis provide some important new information about its anatomy. The tail of Jeholornis is much longer than that of Archaeopteryx and comprises a maximum of 27 caudal vertebrae compared with only 23 in Archaeopteryx. More interestingly, the tail feathers are shaped more like those of dromaeosaurs than those of Archaeopteryx. We conclude that the common ancestor of birds must have a more primitive tail than that in Archaeopteryx, confirming the side branch position of Archaeopteryx in the early avian evolution. The synsacrum is composed of six sacrals, representing a transitional stage between Archaeopteryx and more advanced birds. The scapula of Jeholornis has a dorso-laterally exposed glenoid facet, and the coracoid has a supracoracoid foramen. The presence of a pair of fenestrae in the sternum of Jeholornis has further implications for the air-sac system in early birds. Electronic Supplementary Material  The online version of this article (doi: contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

硅酸盐液体和玻璃的振动谱学研究

本文描述了振动光谱在硅酸盐液体及玻璃研究中的应用，提供了K2Si2O5和K2Si4O9的最新喇曼光谱资料，讨论了相对于熔体松弛时标的振动光谱时标。基于粘度及热容的实验测定，硅酸盐体系通常被描述为“液体”或“玻璃”。它们的特征测定的时标要比振动光谱实验长得多。由于硅酸盐架状结构在一般实验室温度范围内具较长的结构松弛时间，硅酸盐“玻璃”和“熔体”对振动光谱实验总是表现出相同的无松弛响应。这是“玻璃”与“熔体”光谱十分类似的原因之一。振动光谱很容易用来研究过冷硅酸盐熔体在高于玻璃转变温度Tg的条件下在实验室时标内由于结构松弛而发生的结构变化。对于这种研究，振动光谱是其它光谱方法，包括核磁共振方法在内的一种补充。我们的有关钾二硅酸盐（K－disilicate）和钾四硅酸盐（K－tetrasilicate）玻璃及熔体的喇曼光谱新结果显示出在Tg之上由于结构松弛所发生的效应。K2Si2O5的光谱表明：Q2硅酸盐种属的浓度随温度的升高而增高。我们确定K2Si2O5中2Q3＝Q2＋Q4种属形成的焓变化约为20kjmol－1，这与以前对Na2Si2O5近似的熔体所得到的值相近．对K2Si4O9玻璃，喇曼光谱显示出不同类型结构松弛的证据。在高于Tg时，随着温度的升高，590cm－1附近的强度增大，这可以解释为熔体中三元硅氧     

地球的钕存积与地幔的结构和演化

<正> 用一种模式可以圆满解释各种岩石的钕和锶同位素资料。在这种模式中,地幔含有不同大小的化学异体。异体中所含的不相容元素比周围地幔中的要更少地亏损,而且整个地幔由于对流运动而缓慢地相互混合。 钕同位素丰度的资料已用来勾画关于地幔的结构和演化的模式。按照某些研究,只有一部分地幔(三     

津巴布韦太古界中35亿年的迭层石和绿岩-花岗岩不整合

<正> 现在知道在罗德西亚克拉通存在着不同年龄的花岗岩-绿岩体。最老的绿岩带残余构成了塞巴克群,根据各种花岗岩和片麻岩提供的证据,其最小年龄为35亿年左右。更广泛的主要绿岩带包括布拉瓦群和沙姆瓦群(表)。布拉瓦群中的一个不整合将其再分为下部绿岩带(?～29亿年)和上部绿岩带,它与上复的沙姆瓦群都为27亿年。两套花岗岩     

环境空气中SO_2监测技术探讨

随着社会经济及科技的快速发展,环境监测手段日益现代化,各种自动监测仪正在被各级环境监测机构陆续采用。环境空气中重要指标SO2的监测方法也由原来的瞬时采样变成连续自动采样,但一直以来,环境空气中SO2的监测存在着低浓度SO2测试结果偏低等技术难题,文中从环境样品的采集环节、实验环节等方面分析了影响环境空气中SO2监测结果的一些原因或可能。     

GC-MS法测定植物排放的萜烯类化合物

采用流动式采样与气相色谱-质谱联用法研究了意大利撒丁岛Noak’s Ark自然生态区四种主要灌木树种Juniperus phoenicea(腓尼基桧)，Pistacia lentiscus(黄连木)，Phillyrea angustifilia，Chamaerops humilis(欧洲矮棕)的排放速率和排放特征。结果表明，JuniPerus phoenicea(腓尼基桧)，Pistacia lentiscus(黄连本)，Phillyrea angustifilia主要排放萜烯类化合物，其中包括α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、苎烯、戊花烃、莰烯、β-水芹烯、桧烯、β-香叶烯和3-蒈烯等；Chamaerops humilis(欧洲矮棕)主要排放异戊二烯。在标准条件下(温度30℃，PAR为1000μmo1．m^-2．s^-1)，四种树种的排放速率分别为0.15、2．10、0．20和1．87μg／g(DW)．h。     

用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定人发中的铊

本文叙述了关于人发中铊快速测定的一种原子吸收分光光度操作方法。将500微克样品溶在硝酸中并用过氧化氢处理,然后进样10微升在石墨炉中进行电热原子化分析。本法的检出浓度是1mg Tl/kg,该方法适用于法庭调查。添加32mgTl/kg的发样的一系列峰高的相对标准差是3％。     

放射示踪法研究O2存在时14CS2与OH的光化学反应

用放射示踪法研究~(14)CS_2和OH的光化学反应,指出氧对反应有促进作用,在反应体系中(~(14)CS_2-H_2O_2-C_3H_8-N_2-O_2)主要产物为O~(14)CS,~(14)CO及少量~(14)CO_2。O~(14)CS和~(14)CO有相似的动力学曲线,~(14)CO_2则是另一种情况。总反应速率常数随氧压增加而增大,在氧压为33330Pa时,~(14)CS_2消失的总速率常数可高达3.4×10~(-12)cm~3mol~(-1)S~(-1)。在实验中观察到~(14)CS_2能在室温下转变为~(14)CO_2的现象。讨论了光化学反应的历程。     

Natural and anthropogenic sources of lead, zinc, and nickel in sediments of Lake Izabal, Guatemala

Sediments in Lake Izabal, Guatemala, contain substantial lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and nickel (Ni). The lack of historical data for heavy metal concentrations in the sediments makes it difficult to determine the sources or evaluate whether inputs of metals to the lake have changed through time. We measured the relative abundances and concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Ni by X-Ray Fluorescence core scanning and by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry in three sediment cores to explore stratigraphic distributions of metals in the lake deposits. High amounts of Pb and Zn in the core taken near the Polochic Delta suggest that galena and sphalerite mining increased Pb and Zn delivery to Lake Izabal between ~1945 and 1965 CE. An up-core Ni increase in the core taken near a different mine on the north shore of Lake Izabal suggests that recent nickel mining operations led to an increase in Ni concentrations in the local sediments, but amounts in the other cores indicate that Ni is not widely distributed throughout the lake. Sediment cores from Lake Izabal are reliable recorders of heavy metal input to the lake, and were measured to establish background metal levels, which would otherwise be unavailable. Concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Ni in older, pre-20th-century Lake Izabal sediments reflect input from natural erosion of bedrock. Our results provide previously unavailable estimates of background metal concentrations in Lake Izabal before the onset of mining. These results are necessary for future monitoring related to mining contamination of the lake ecosystem.