Rapid decolorization of Acid Orange II aqueous solution by amorphous zero-valent iron

Some problems including low treatment capacity, agglomeration and clogging phenomena, and short working life, limit the application of pre-treatment methods involving zero-valent iron (ZVI). In this article, ZVI was frozen in an amorphous state through a melt-spinning technique, and the decolorization effect of amorphous ZVI on Acid Orange II solution was investigated under varied conditions of experimental variables such as reaction temperature, ribbon dosage, and initial pH. Batch experiments suggested that the decolorization rate was enhanced with the increase of reaction temperature and ribbon dosage, but decreased with increasing initial solution pH. Kinetic analyses indicated that the decolorization process followed a first order exponential kinetic model, and the surface-normalized decolorization rate could reach 2.09 L/(m². min) at room temperature, which was about ten times larger than any previously reported under similar conditions. Recycling experiments also proved that the ribbons could be reused at least four times without obvious decay of decolorization rate and efficiency. This study suggests a tremendous application potential for amorphous ZVI in remediation of groundwater or wastewater contaminated with azo dyes.     

Ultrafine particle emission characteristics of diesel engine by on-board and test bench measurement

This study investigated the emission characteristics of ultrafine particles based on test bench and on-board measurements. The bench test results showed the ultrafine particle number concentration of the diesel engine to be in the range of (0.56-8.35) × 10⁸ cm^-3. The on-board measurement results illustrated that the ultrafine particles were strongly correlated with changes in real-world driving cycles. The particle number concentration was down to 2.0 × 10⁶ cm^-3 and 2.7 × 10⁷ cm^-3 under decelerating and idling operations and as high as 5.0 × 10⁸ cm^-3 under accelerating operation. It was also indicated that the particle number measured by the two methods increased with the growth of engine load at each engine speed in both cases. The particle number presented a "U" shaped distribution with changing speed at high engine load conditions, which implies that the particle number will reach its lowest level at medium engine speeds. The particle sizes of both measurements showed single mode distributions. The peak of particle size was located at about 50-80 nm in the accumulation mode particle range. Nucleation mode particles will significantly increase at low engine load operations like idling and decelerating caused by the high concentration of unburned organic compounds.     

Responses of protists with different feeding habits to the changes of activated sludge conditions: A study based on biomass data

Changes of protists, which were categorized into different functional groups primarily according to their feeding habits, in two full-scale municipal wastewater treatment systems experiencing sludge bulking were investigated over a period of 14 months. Protist biomass represented 3.7% to 5.2% of total biomass on average under normal sludge conditions, and the percentage increased significantly (p < 0.05) under sludge bulking conditions. The biomass of Chilodonella spp., capable of eating filamentous bacteria, tended to decrease in both systems when sludge bulking occurred, showing that the abnormal growth of filamentous bacteria did not lead to a biomass bloom of this group of protists. On the other hand, the bactivorous protists represented more than 96% of total protist biomass, and the biomass of this group, particularly the attached ciliates, increased significantly (p < 0.05) when sludge bulking occurred. The significant increase of the attached ciliates may have possibly facilitated the growth of filamentous bacteria through selectively preying on non-filamentous bacteria and further exacerbated sludge bulking. The redundancy analysis and correlation analysis results showed that the biomass changes of the attached ciliates were primarily related to the sludge volume index and to some extent related to five-day biochemical oxygen demand loading and hydraulic retention time.     

铝钛改性MCM-41材料对污水中铅镉的吸附研究

研究了改性MCM-41材料对污水中重金属铅、镉离子的吸附行为。在MCM-41材料中加入Al、Ti两种诱因金属离子来合成新的Al-Ti-MCM-41及Ti-Al-MCM-41改性材料,通过氮气吸附-脱附等温线对Al-Ti-MCM-41(Al/Ti=1∶1)及Al-Ti-MCM-41(Al/Ti=2∶1)样品进行了表征,并采用改性后的MCM-41材料为吸附剂对含有二价铅、镉离子的溶液进行吸附实验,考察了吸附剂投加量,Pb2+、Cd2+初始质量浓度和吸附温度对吸附的影响。结果表明:改性Al-Ti-MCM-41(Al/Ti=1∶1)材料的最可几孔径和比孔容分别为16.68 nm和0.046 cm3/g,由BJH计算得到的平均孔径为17.02 nm;Al-Ti-MCM-41(Al/Ti=2∶1)的最可几孔径和比孔容分别为16.88 nm和0.083 cm3/g,由BJH计算得到的平均孔径为17.08 nm。Al-Ti-MCM-41(Al/Ti=1∶1)对Cd2+的吸附率为99.8%;Al-Ti-MCM-41(Al/Ti=2∶1)对Pb2+的吸附率为99.96%;Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附容量随吸附剂投加量的增加而降低,随离子初始浓度的增大而增加;温度越高越有利于吸附。该研究重点考察改性MCM-41材料在重金属铅镉离子污染治理中的性能,从而为解决重金属铅镉的污染,加强环境保护提供理论支撑和技术支持,具有明确的现实意义。     

内配燃料垃圾焚烧飞灰烧结无害化处理实验研究

研究了一种垃圾焚烧飞灰烧结无害化处理的工艺,该工艺是将飞灰与不同比例煤粉混合并添加助熔剂进行造粒烧结。通过对试样进行热流和热重测量,分析了飞灰试样在加热过程中热重变化的规律,并利用XRD、扫描电镜、氮吸附分析仪等仪器分析手段对烧结试样的物相、微观形态和孔隙特性等物理化学性质进行了研究。最后采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪对烧结试样重金属浸出性进行了分析。实验结果为飞灰烧结炉的设计和内配燃料烧结工艺运行参数的制定提供了依据。     

复合吸收技术净化复杂工业有机废气

以低浓度、大风量、含无机物、尘粒和油分等成分的复杂工业有机废气为对象,进行复合吸收净化技术的研究,从吸收机制初步探索,对净化设备、工艺流程及工程应用分别进行了探讨.分别以3种不同的表面活性剂溶液为复合吸收剂,考察其处理含甲苯和醋酸丁酯废气的净化效果,结果表明降低复合吸收剂的表面张力,有利于甲苯和醋酸丁酯的去除率.针对复杂工业有机废气,开发高效吸收设备,集合了水膜、旋流板和填料3种吸收净化装置的优点于一体,具有结构简单、体积小、防堵塞及多级高效吸收传质的优势.工艺流程以吸收技术为主,整合了加热吹脱、燃烧和厌氧等工艺,最终使废气和吸收尾液达标排放.该技术已在制造、喷涂等多家企业的工程上应用.     

青霉菌与生物炭复合修复土壤砷污染的研究

采用随机区组设计,分别对添加不同量的青霉菌和生物炭的砷污染土壤进行培养,通过测定土壤中的As~(3+)、As~(5+)及总砷含量,探究了青霉菌与生物碳复合修复对砷污染土壤中有效砷的钝化率及土壤中砷的价态转化的影响,同时对土壤中的微生物数量进行区系分析,建立了微生物数量与有效砷含量之间的关系.结果显示,随着青霉菌接菌量与生物炭施用量的增加,土壤中总砷含量不会发生变化,有效砷含量从17.74 mg·kg~(-1)下降到12.69 mg·kg~(-1),有效砷的钝化率可达到27.6%左右.而两种价态的砷(As~(5+)、As~(3+))之间没有发生转化,约27%的As~(5+)会被青霉菌与生物炭固定,但As~(3+)在土壤中的含量基本保持不变.在有效砷含量下降的同时,土壤中放线菌的含量基本不变,但土壤中细菌的总量有所上升.结果表明,青霉菌与生物碳复合修复可以降低有效砷的含量,并使砷污染土壤中的微生物环境有所改善,对砷污染土壤显示出较好的修复性能.     

四川省不同地区自来水中全氟化合物的污染特征及健康风险评估

采用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用仪分析了四川省10个地区自来水中12种全氟化合物(perfluoroalkyl substances, PFASs)的含量,其中全氟化合物浓度水平最高的是宜宾地区,∑PFASs为41.2 ng·L~(-1),浓度水平最低的是绵阳地区,为4.17 ng·L~(-1).全氟辛烷羧酸(perfluroroocantanoic acid,PFOA)是四川地区自来水中主要的PFASs,占总全氟化合物的28%～89%(宜宾地区8.6%),其次为全氟己酸(perfluorohexanoate,PFHxA)、全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctane sulfonate, PFOS)和全氟壬酸(perfluorononanoate,PFNA),这表明自来水中的主要污染物为中短碳链(C≤10)的全氟化合物.另外,通过计算PFASs的危险商值(risk quotients, RQ),发现四川地区自来水中PFOA、PFOS、PFHxS、PFBS和PFHxA的风险商值均小于1,不会对当地居民带来直接的健康风险.     

香溪河库湾水质特征与非回水区水华响应关系

为探究香溪河在受倒灌影响较弱的河段水华暴发征兆及机理,于水华高发期5~8月对香溪河进行监测,分析电导率、水温、叶绿素a（Chl-a）以及流速.结果表明,在6~8月,香溪河倒灌现象于XX05点（峡口镇）处基本结束,XX06~XX09受倒灌来水影响较弱;香溪河于7月暴发水华,各个监测点位上Chl-a含量均值达到100μg/L以上,XX05~XX06与XX07-XX09点位上暴发不同种水华;在水华暴发前后,水体温度无显著变化,且并无明显分层现象,说明水温分层是水华暴发的主要原因这一理论并不能很好的适用于非回水区;通过对电导率数值的研究发现,数值在垂向上出现显著拐点,而拐点出现在临界层与光补偿层之间,同时与叶绿素a含量分布呈现显著负相关性.香溪河总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）平均值为1.849mg/L和0.157mg/L,均超过富营养化的阈值,水体氮磷含量与Chl-a浓度无显著相关性,水体中除N、P营养盐外的其它离子对香溪河水华的暴发起着重要作用.在水华消退后,电导率数值又逐渐恢复表层高底层低的垂向线性分布特性,与水华的暴发、消退有着明显的响应.     

Morphology and composition of particles emitted from a port fuel injection gasoline vehicle under real-world driving test cycles

Traffic vehicles, many of which are powered by port fuel injection (PFI) engines, are major sources of particulate matter in the urban atmosphere. We studied particles from the emission of a commercial PFI-engine vehicle when it was running under the states of cold start, hot start, hot stabilized running, idle and acceleration, using a transmission electron microscope and an energy-dispersive X-ray detector. Results showed that the particles were mainly composed of organic, soot, and Ca-rich particles, with a small amount of S-rich and metal-containing particles, and displayed a unimodal size distribution with the peak at 600?nm. The emissions were highest under the cold start running state, followed by the hot start, hot stabilized, acceleration, and idle running states. Organic particles under the hot start and hot stabilized running states were higher than those of other running states. Soot particles were highest under the cold start running state. Under the idle running state, the relative number fraction of Ca-rich particles was high although their absolute number was low. These results indicate that PFI-engine vehicles emit substantial primary particles, which favor the formation of secondary aerosols via providing reaction sites and reaction catalysts, as well as supplying soot, organic, mineral and metal particles in the size range of the accumulation mode. In addition, the contents of Ca, P, and Zn in organic particles may serve as fingerprints for source apportionment of particles from PFI-engine vehicles.