基于无人机高光谱和BP神经网络的城市水体污染监测

我国大多数流域存在不同程度的水体污染,城市水体污染防治与监测是一项艰巨而漫长的任务,而传统水质监测和卫星遥感方法在水体面积较大、水流运动不稳定、周边地形复杂的河流或城市湖泊的水质监测表现为适用性差、准确度低。基于无人机的高光谱遥感技术具有覆盖范围广、数据获取快速等特点,对城市水体污染监测具有一定的应用价值。以珠海市城市水域为研究对象、无人机高光谱数据为数据源,利用线性回归模型和BP (Back Propagation) 神经网络模型方法,分别建立了波段组合反射率与水体叶绿素a、氨氮和磷酸盐3种水质指标之间的最优反演模型,并通过实际样品验证了该模型在城市水体中的适用性。该研究结果不仅为大数据驱动的水质分析提供了重要的技术支持,也为无人机技术应用于城市水体污染程度评价和动态监测提供新方法。     

鸟粪石负载硅藻土对土壤铅和金霉素的同步修复作用

使用镁盐改性硅藻土回收沼液中氮磷制得鸟粪石负载硅藻土 (Struvite-loaded diatomite,SD) ,将其用于土壤中铅 (Pb) 和金霉素 (CTC) 复合污染的原位修复。采用吸附-解吸实验评估SD对Pb和CTC迁移特性的影响,同时,通过测定土壤pH和酸缓冲能力、土壤Pb和CTC的有效态和形态、土壤速效磷和微生物群落结构变化等考察SD对土壤Pb和CTC的钝化能力,借助SEM、XRD、FT-IR等表征手段揭示其修复机理。结果表明,SD能有效降低Pb和CTC在土壤中的迁移特性;SD投加质量分数为3%,稳定49 d后,土壤酸中和能力提升1倍以上,土壤有效态Pb和CTC含量分别降低26%和56%,酸溶态Pb占比降低10%,残渣态Pb占比升高18%, CTC的水溶态和松散结合态占比分别降低5%和13%,紧密结合态CTC升高11%,一定程度上降低了Pb和CTC在土壤中的生物有效性;SD的投加可提升土壤速效磷含量,提高土壤微生物的相对丰度和多样性,尤其增加酸杆菌门 (Acidobacteria) 、绿弯菌门 (Chloroflexi) 和芽单胞菌门 (Gemmatimonadetes) 的相对丰度,降低放线菌门 (Actinobacteria) 和厚壁菌门 (Firmicutes) 的相对丰度;SD对土壤Pb和CTC的钝化机制主要为吸附和沉淀的协同作用。该研究可为污水氮磷资源化利用和重金属抗生素复合污染土壤原位修复提供参考。     

电晕等离子体烟气脱硫脱硝机理及影响因素探讨

综述了国内外关于电晕等离子体烟气脱硫脱硝机理的研究成果,分析了电压、电极极性、气体温度、水蒸汽和氨气等对去除率的影响,并提出今后发展所需解决的问题.     

储氢温度对加氢站泄漏爆炸事故的影响研究∗

通过降低氢气的温度,可以实现更高密度的氢气储存,进而有效提升存储及运输的效率。为探究储氢温度对加氢站泄漏爆炸事故的影响规律,利用FLACS 软件对加氢站内长管拖车在不同储氢温度条件下（50、100、200 与300 K）发生泄漏后的氢气扩散和爆炸事故进行分析。研究结果表明：随着储氢温度的降低,高压氢气射流撞击防爆墙后可燃气云达到稳定的时间、扩散范围和冻伤区域均逐渐增大,而最大爆炸超压和爆炸危险距离则呈现出先增大后减小的趋势;储氢温度为50 K 时的轻微冻伤距离比储氢温度100 K 和200 K 时分别增加了近1 倍和7 倍,严重冻伤距离也最大;储氢温度为100 K 时泄漏气云爆炸产生的超压峰值比常温氢气爆炸提高了近3 倍,危险区域也最大;储氢温度为200 K 时,达到爆炸超压峰值的时间最快,储氢温度为50 K 时最慢。     

火焰原子吸收法测定地表水中钾钠钙镁的方法改进

用空气—乙炔火焰原子吸收测定地表水中钾钠钙镁时,将测钾钠用的消电离剂和测钙镁用的释放剂配成混合溶液,加入待测试样中,便可连续测定其中的钾钠钙镁。与现在常用的火焰原子吸收方法测得的结果一致,精密度和准确度符合规范要求,且方法简单快速。     

气象激光雷达的城市边界层探测

为了研究城市边界层结构变化特征,2005年7月利用气象激光雷达在南京城区做了城市边界层探测试验,就此次观测试验作了简要叙述并选取部分观测资料为示例,着重对气象激光雷达确定城市边界层高度垂直分布及逐时变化以及地面气象环境对边界层的日变化影响进行了初步分析.结果表明,主要由近地层对流混合形成的城市边界层高度具有典型的日变化特点,早晚比较低,日间有一个从低到高再到低的变化过程.提出了一种由边界层混合状态确定边界层高度的方法.分析结果表明,由气溶胶消光系数确定城市边界层高度比较准确.将MSL探测结果与同步的低空无线电探测仪的温度探测结果进行比较,结果表明,两者获得的实际廓线分布相当吻合,线性良好.就地表温度、辐射、湿度及云等气象要素对边界层垂直分布及时间变化的影响做了分析.结果表明,这些气象要素的分布对城市边界层高度的垂直分布及其逐时变化有明显影响.     

FT-ICR mass spectrometry for molecular characterization of water-insoluble organic compounds in winter atmospheric fine particulate matters

Water-insoluble organic compounds（WIOCs） are an important fraction of atmospheric fine particulate matters(PM_2.5), which could affect the climate system and threaten human health potentially. In this study, molecular characterization of WIOCs in PM_2.5 were investigated by 15 T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry（FT-ICR MS） with atmospheric pressure photoionization（APPI） source in positive ion mode. A total of 2573 and1875 molecular formulas were iden...     

Effects of seed aerosols on the growth of secondary organic aerosols from the photooxidation of toluene

Hydroxyl radical （.OH）-initiated photooxidation reaction of toluene was carried out in a self-made smog chamber. Four individual seed aerosols such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, sodium silicate and calcium chloride, were introduced into the chamber to assess their influence on the growth of secondary organic aerosols （SOA）. It was found that the low concentration of seed aerosols might lead to high concentration of SOA particles. Seed aerosols would promote rates of SOA formation at the start of the reaction and inhibit its formation rate with prolonging the reaction time. In the case of ca. 9000 pt/cm^3 seed aerosol load, the addition of sodium silicate induced a same effect on the SOA formation as ammonium nitrate. The influence of the four individual seed aerosols on the generation of SOA decreased in the order of calcium chloride〉sodium silicate and ammonium nitrate〉ammonium sulfate.     

Microbial reduction of uranium (VI) by Bacillus sp. dwc-2: A macroscopic and spectroscopic study

The microbial reduction of U(VI) by Bacillus sp. dwc-2, isolated from soil in Southwest China, was explored using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES). Our studies indicated that approximately 16.0% of U(VI) at an initial concentration of 100 mg/L uranium nitrate could be reduced by Bacillus sp. dwc-2 at pH 8.2 under anaerobic conditions at room temperature. Additionally, natural organic matter (NOM) played an important role in enhancing the bioreduction of U(VI) by Bacillus sp. dwc-2. XPS results demonstrated that the uranium presented mixed valence states (U(VI) and U(IV)) after bioreduction, which was subsequently confirmed by XANES. Furthermore, the TEM and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis suggested that the reduced uranium was bioaccumulated mainly within the cell and as a crystalline structure on the cell wall. These observations implied that the reduction of uranium may have a significant effect on its fate in the soil environment in which these bacterial strains occur.     

改性PbO2电极电催化氧化直接绿废水的研究

采用表面活性剂聚乙二醇200改性自制不锈钢基PbO2电极。通过SEM、XRD等分析方法对改性PbO2电极表面形貌及晶体结构进行表征。利用直接绿模拟废水脱色实验考察电极的电催化氧化特性。考察了粒子电极的投加量、电解质的浓度及使用次数等条件对直接绿废水降解效率的影响。结果表明,改性后的电极表面颗粒明显细化,β-PbO2纯度提高。电催化时间3 min,粒子电极投加量13 g/L,电解质质量浓度为0.06 g/L,对50mg/L直接绿废水的去除率可达94.98%。