保护层分析在化工园区重大危险源事故风险分析中的应用

保护层分析(LOPA)在化工工艺和装置安全措施的有效性评价方面具有独特的优势,已经在石化行业得到广泛应用.借鉴化工工艺保护层分析理论的思想,以化工园区重大危险源或企业作为分析对象,将化工园区的保护层分为6个层次,建立了化工园区保护层分析方法,并将只针对单个工艺或装置的安全措施有效性评估方法扩展为整个化工园区;运用化工园区保护层分析法对化工园区内企业或重大危险源进行事故场景风险分析,通过计算失效概率来评估保护层的风险防控能力,并针对防控能力不足的保护层采取有针对性的措施,以提高化工园区安全措施的有效性.     

液相色谱质谱法测定水体及土壤中的类固醇激素

建立了水体和土壤中类固醇激素的液相色谱质谱分析方法。水样采用固相萃取方法富集,土壤样经加速溶剂萃取后由固相萃取净化和富集。处理好的样品经丹磺酰衍生化后上仪器分析。结果表明,类固醇激素在水体和土壤中的检出限分别为0.01~0.6ng/L和0.01~0.19ng/g,回收率分别为77%~97%和62%~119%,RSD小于6.04%和15.5%。该方法具有较高的准确度和精密度,适用于环境水体及土壤中类固醇激素残留的分析。     

Interactive response of photosynthetic characteristics in Haloxylon ammodendron and Hedysarum scoparium exposed to soil water and air vapor pressure deficits

C₄ plants possess better drought tolerance than C₃ plants. However, Hedysarum scoparium, a C₃ species, is dominant and widely distributed in the desert areas of northwestern China due to its strong drought tolerance. This study compared it with Haloxylon ammodendron, a C₄ species, regarding the interactive effects of drought stress and different leaf–air vapor pressure deficits. Variables of interest included gas exchange, the activity levels of key C₄ photosynthetic enzymes, and cellular anatomy. In both species, gas exchange parameters were more sensitive to high vapor pressure deficit than to strong water stress, and the net CO₂ assimilation rate (A_n) was enhanced as vapor pressure deficits increased. A close relationship between A_n and stomatal conductance (g_s) suggested that the species shared a similar response mechanism. In H. ammodendron, the activity levels of key C₄ enzymes were higher, including those of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-malate enzyme (NADP-ME), whereas in H. scoparium, the activity level of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-malate enzyme (NAD-ME) was higher. Meanwhile, H. scoparium utilized adaptive structural features, including a larger relative vessel area and a shorter distance from vein to stomata, which facilitated the movement of water. These findings implied that some C₄ biochemical pathways were present in H. scoparium to respond to environmental challenges.     

Toward rational design of amines for CO2 capture: Substituent effect on kinetic process for the reaction of monoethanolamine with CO2

Amines have been considered as promising candidates for post-combustion CO₂ capture. A mechanistic understanding for the chemical processes involved in the capture and release of CO₂ is important for the rational design of amines. In this study, the structural effects of amines on the kinetic competition among three typical products (carbamates, carbamic acids and bicarbonate) from amines + CO₂ were investigated, in contrast to previous thermodynamic studies to tune the reaction of amines with CO₂ based on desirable reaction enthalpy and reaction stoichiometry. We used a quantum chemical method to calculate the activation energies (E_a) for the reactions of a range of substituted monoethanolamines with CO₂ covering three pathways to the three products. The results indicate that the formation of carbamates is the most favorable, among the three considered products. In addition, we found that the E_a values for all pathways linearly correlate with pK_a of amines, and more importantly, the kinetic competition between carbamate and bicarbonate absorption pathways varies with pK_a of the amines, i.e. stronger basicity results in less difference in E_a. These results highlight the importance of the consideration of kinetic competition among different reaction pathways in amine design.     

Abatement of SO2-NOx binary gas mixtures using a ferruginous active absorbent: Part I. Synergistic effects and mechanism

A novel ferruginous active absorbent, prepared by fly ash, industrial lime and the additive Fe(VI), was introduced for synchronous abatement of binary mixtures of SO2–NOx from simulated coal-fired flue gas. The synergistic action of various factors on the absorption of SO2 and NOx was investigated. The results show that a strong synergistic effect exists between Fe(VI) dose and reaction temperature for the desulfurization. It was observed that in the denitration process, the synergy of Fe(VI) dose and Ca/(S + N) had the most significant impact on the removal of NO, followed by the synergy of Fe(VI) and reaction temperature, and then the synergy of reaction temperature and flue gas humidity. A scanning electron microscope(SEM) and an accessory X-ray energy spectrometer(EDS)were used to observe the surface characteristics of the raw and spent absorbent as well as fly ash. A reaction mechanism was proposed based on chemical analysis of sulfur and nitrogen species concentrations in the spent absorbent. The Gibbs free energy, equilibrium constants and partial pressures of the SO2–NOx binary system were determined by thermodynamics.     

陶瓷炉窑烟气污染物排放特性及治理技术现状

随着《陶瓷工业污染物排放标准》(GB 25464-2010)的颁布实施,对陶瓷炉窑烟气污染开展深度治理已成为必然。在上述背景下,文章以文献资料调研和现场监测为主,开展中国陶瓷行业烟气污染物排放特性和治理技术现状研究。重点关注陶瓷炉窑烟气颗粒物、SO2、NOx、氟化物、氯化物、重金属等污染物的产生和排放特性。研究表明各污染物的排放浓度受燃料种类、窑炉类型、工艺水平的影响较大,现阶段中国陶瓷炉窑烟气中各主要污染物排放浓度均较高,普遍超过最新陶瓷排放标准要求,因此为了达标排放必须开展有效治理。在此基础上对比分析国内外陶瓷烟气治理技术现状和发展趋势,提出多污染物联合控制是我国陶瓷行业烟气治理技术发展趋势。     

环境基本公共服务均等化评估指标体系构建与实证

该文在研究环境基本公共服务概念和范围的基础上,根据"压力—状态—响应"(PSR)概念模型框架,构建了环境基本公共服务均等化评估指标体系,选取江苏、湖北、贵州3个省份进行实证评估,分别计算其环境基本公共服务水平分值,并采用基尼系数得出三省均等化差异程度。研究结果表明:2011年,江苏省、湖北省和贵州省的环境基本公共服务水平综合得分分别为66.11分、43.52分和40.40分。江苏省在"压力"维度得分较低,表明源头污染物排放压力突出;湖北省、贵州省在"状态"、"响应"维度得分较低,说明环保资金、机构投入力度不足。指标体系能够对不同区域间的环境基本公共服务均等化水平进行识别和定量评估。建议应进一步从增进指标直接相关性、增进城乡评估适用性和优化评估方法等方面完善指标体系构建和评估方法研究。     

唐顺陵天禄石雕变形监测及分析

唐顺陵天禄石刻雕像是唐陵石雕中的精品,在漫长的地质营力作用下,天禄石雕中产生了一系列的交错裂隙,被裂隙切割的岩石块体沿裂隙存在缓慢的错动,在地震等因素的作用下最终会威胁天禄石雕的整体稳定性。本文介绍了天禄石雕的变形监测布置,分析了石雕裂隙及裂隙两侧岩体的变形特点、变形趋势,并研究了石雕裂隙变形与研究区微环境状况的关系以及石雕的整体沉降特点。结果表明:温度和降雨会影响石雕裂隙的变形方式;监测时间内石雕裂隙的变形趋势逐渐加强;石雕的整体沉降与土层含水率存在相关性;石雕左后腿的危岩块体沿裂隙存在下滑破坏的趋势。     

喀斯特坡地土壤稳渗率空间分布变化特征研究

为查明高异质性背景条件下喀斯特坡地土壤稳渗率空间分布变化特征,在6类典型人为活动方式石灰岩坡地针对4类主要生境类型(土面、土石面、石沟、石缝)开展生境空间分布调查和土壤理化性质分析,并利用Guelph入渗仪进行稳渗率实验。通过对比分析各生境土壤性质和土壤稳渗率关系,结合人为作用方式探讨各生境土壤性质和稳渗率空间变化特征及其演化规律。结果表明:1)喀斯特坡地土壤稳渗率普遍高于非喀斯特地区,喀斯特坡地土壤稳渗率受土壤孔隙和岩石裂隙耦合作用影响。2)各生境条件下土壤稳渗率具有高度的空间异质性,呈现"斑块状"空间分布特征。3)坡地人为作用方式变化将改变原有生境的土壤性质,进而导致各生境土壤稳渗率随人为活动进程发生相应变化。人为踩踏作用影响较小的原生林、次生林和乔灌林坡地土面和土石面生境土壤稳渗率普遍高于石沟和石缝生境,但转变为人为踩踏作用强烈的放牧灌草地或火烧人为干扰地后,土面和土石面生境土壤退化严重,土壤容重和粘粒含量增大,稳渗率显著降低。而石沟和石缝生境土壤性质和稳渗率受影响程度明显小于土面和土石面生境,土壤稳渗率仍可维持较高水平。     

新型水处理材料海绵铁在废水处理中的应用研究

作为一种新型多功能水处理材料,海绵铁具有优越的物理化学性能。通过吸附、微电解、絮凝沉淀、直接还原和间接氧化等作用,海绵铁在水体去污的过程中显现了较强的处理能力。在总结海绵铁去除水中难降解有机物和重金属离子等污染物的研究现状的基础上,提出海绵铁在应用中存在的问题及改进方向。海绵铁与微生物在降解水体污染物的过程中存在互促作用,因而生物海绵铁体系有更强的处理能力,将成为海绵铁材料用于水处理的开发研究新方向。