Photolysis of mono- through deca-chlorinated biphenyls by ultraviolet irradiation in n-hexane and quantitative structure-property relationship analysis

The photolysis of 16 polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） （including mono- through deca-chlorinated） in n-hexane was investigated under ultraviolet irradiation using a 500-W high-pressure mercury lamp. Photolysis of PCBs follows pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics, with photolysis rate constants ranging between 0.0011 s^-1 for PCB-52 and 0.0574 s^-1 for PCB-118. The degradation rates of PCBs by high-pressure mercury lamp irradiation were remarkably independent with respect to the degree of chlorination. Furthermore, partial least squares （PLS） models were developed to provide insight into which aspect of the molecular structure influenced PCB photolysis rate constants. It was found that the photolysis rates of PCBs increased with an increase in the net charge on the carbon atom （qc）, （ELUMO-EHOMO）^2, and the Y-axis dipole moment （μy） values, or the decrease in the energy of the second highest occupied molecular orbital （EHOMO-1）, energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital （ELUMO）, ELUMO ＋ EHOMO, ELUMO - EHOMO, most positive atomic charge （q^＋）, and the twist angle of the chlorine atom （TA） values.     

Emergency membrane contactor based absorption system for ammonia leaks in water treatment plants

Because of the suspected health risks of trihalomethanes (THMs), more and more water treatment plants have replaced traditionalchlorine disinfection process with chloramines but often without the proper absorption system installed in the case of ammonia leaksin the storage room. A pilot plant membrane absorption system was developed and installed in a water treatment plant for this purpose.Experimentally determined contact angle, surface tension, and corrosion tests indicated that the sulfuric acid was the proper choice as the absorbent for leaking ammonia using polypropylene hollow fiber membrane contactor. Effects of several operating conditionson the mass transfer coefficient, ammonia absorption, and removal efficiency were examined, including the liquid concentration,liquid velocity, and feed gas concentration. Under the operation conditions investigated, the gas absorption efficiency over 99.9%was achieved. This indicated that the designed pilot plant membrane absorption system was effective to absorb the leaking ammonia in the model storage room. The removal rate of the ammonia in the model storage room was also experimentally and theoretically foundto be primarily determined by the ammonia suction flow rate from the ammonia storage room to the membrane contactor. The ammoniaremoval rate of 99.9% was expected to be achieved within 1.3 h at the ammonia gas flow rate of 500 m3/h. The success of the pilot plantmembrane absorption system developed in this study illustrated the potential of this technology for ammonia leaks in water treatmentplant, also paved the way towards a larger scale application.     

中国南方红壤丘陵区湖南水环境时空变化研究

以中国南方红壤丘陵区的典型区域-湖南省为例,利用1990～2000年湘、资、沅、澧四水和洞庭湖区重要断面的水质数据,采用综合污染指数方法和污染分担率方法,研究了湖南省水环境质量时空变化特征,并选取1990～2005年经济和废水排放数据,分析了经济因子与废水排放之间的相互关系,建立湖南省废水排放的库兹涅茨曲线模型。研究结果表明,从时间上看,湖南省的总体水环境污染有加重的趋势;从空间上看,水环境质量是从湖南省的西部向东部恶化。在流域和地区对比中,湘江和位于该流域的株洲市最为严重,总氮和汞是湖南省最主要的污染因子;通过环境库兹涅茨曲线模型模拟表明,湖南水环境与经济发展的关系位于环境库兹涅茨曲线上升段。本研究结果对于改善整个湖南省水环境污染状况,以便采取正确的防治策略具有一定的实践意义。     

柠檬酸废渣石膏综合利用研究进展及前景展望

柠檬酸废渣石膏主要由二水石膏组成,化学成分与天然石膏相近,只要工艺合理,就可以实现柠檬酸废渣石膏的资源化利用。综述了柠檬酸废渣石膏生产石膏粉、石膏砌块和石膏板材,用于硫铝酸盐水泥生产,用作水泥缓凝剂、制备晶须等方面的研究进展;提出了柠檬酸废渣石膏在生产粉笔、用于水泥矿化剂和与石英尾砂等工业废渣联合使用等方面的应用前景。     

长三角大都市带人口容量与资源环境支撑能力建设

为推动长三角都市带人口稳定扩容,寻求提高长三角地区资源环境支撑能力的途径。基于国外已经成熟的大都市带,认为产业集聚规模、资源支撑条件、环境承受能力是影响大都市带人口容量的主要因素。根据预测,长三角都市带未来的人口规模为107亿~117亿。通过对支撑长三角都市带经济-人口容量的资源环境要素分析,认为扩大长三角地区的人口容量,关键在于提高长三角地区资源环境的支撑能力,认为未来经济发展所需各类用地保障程度的高低、战略性矿产资源供〖JP2〗给能力的强弱以及区域环境容量的大小是影响长三角都市带人口容量大小的关键因素。建议在国家层面通过土地政策的调整提高长三角大都市带各类功能用地的保障能力,通过建立国家石油储备制度等方式加强战略性矿产资源供给能力建设,同时在长三角大都市带地区率先实施循环经济战略。     

盐沼植物翅碱蓬对沉积物中磷环境化学行为影响

研究了翅碱蓬生长区根际、非根际(根上部和根下部)沉积物和未生长区沉积物对应断面(亚表层、表层和深层)P的环境化学行为.结果表明,无论有无植物生长,沉积物总磷(TP)由表层(根上部)至深层(根下部)呈现逐渐减少的趋势且均以无机磷(IP)为主,有机磷(OP)含量最少,但植物生长区沉积物中总磷含量显著地增加,特别是根际沉积物 IP含量高达83%.对植物生长区和未生长区沉积物中IP的化学形态进一步分析表明,无论有无植物生长IP均以Ca-P为主,但在植物根际沉积物DP、Al-P和Fe-P均有显著增加,分别为未生长植物亚表层沉积物的3.5、8.3和3.7倍,从而导致活性磷比例增加,生物可利用性变大.     

天津滨海新区海洋经济可持续发展潜力探讨

在对海洋经济可持续发展内涵分析的基础上,构建了以海洋资源承载力、海洋经济发展力和海洋环境质量为主要构成的海洋经济可持续发展指标体系.以天津滨海新区为案例,从环境资源和生态系统稳定的角度对滨海新区海洋经济的可持续发展潜力进行了分析评价,对2006、2008和2015年滨海新区海洋经济发展的可持续综合指数进行了计算,并针对滨海新区海洋经济发展中存在的问题,提出了相应的对策建议.     

间歇曝气模式对同步硝化反硝化稳定性的影响

在不同间歇曝气(IA)模式下.采用序批式活性污泥法(SBR)处理模拟低碳城市污水.并考察了ORP和pH值的变化规律与同步硝化反硝化(SND)持续稳定性之间的关系.结果表明,在曝气百分数(AF)为0.5和高曝气频率(fIA)的间歇曝气模式下,TN去除率为92%,ORP均值均化程度最好,ORP和pH值的稳定性最强.因此,低曝气百分数和高曝气频率的间歇曝气模式有利于SND过程的持续稳定,且ORP均值的均化程度与ORP和pH值的稳定性可控制SND过程的稳定性.另外,低曝气频率的间歇曝气模式有利于顺序式硝化反硝化(SQND)的发生.     

油菜秸秆资源化利用技术研究

为解决油菜秸秆的资源利用与污染控制问题,以保证生物柴油产业的协调发展,针对油菜秸秆资源利用技术的研究现状与发展前景进行了综述和分析。结果表明,当前可行的油菜秸秆资源化利用技术包括用作牲畜饲料、食用菌基料、有机肥料、工程原材料和发电燃料等,其中以用作发电燃料的技术可行性和经济合理性更为引人注目。     

Simultaneous oxidation of NO, SO2 and Hg0 from flue gas by pulsed corona discharge

A process capable of oxidizing NO, SO2 and Hg0 was proposed simultaneously, which utilized a high-voltage and short-duration positive pulsed corona discharge. By focusing on NO, SO2, and Hg0 oxidation efficiencies, the influences of pulse peak voltage, pulse frequency, initial concentration, electrode number, residence time and water vapor addition were investigated. The results indicate that NO, SO2 and Hg0 oxidation efficiencies depend primarily on the radicals (OH, HO2, O) and the active species (O3, H2O2), etc. produced by the pulsed corona discharge. The NO, SO2 and Hg0 oxidation efficiencies improved as increasing pulse peak voltage, pulse frequency, electrode number and residence time, while they are reduced with an increasing initial concentration. By adding water vapor, SO2 oxidation efficiency is improved remarkably, while NO oxidation efficiency is decreased slightly. In our experiments, the simultaneous NO, SO2, and Hg0 oxidation efficiencies reached to 40%, 98% and 55% with the initial concentrations 479 mg/m3, 1040 mg/m3, and 15.0 ug/m3, respectively.