剧毒化学品生产使用企业安全设计要求

根据剧毒化学品对操作人员职业性接触毒物危害程度,在分析现行工程设计标准中缺乏对剧毒化学品生产使用企业安全设计的统一要求以及考虑剧毒化学品毒性危害的特殊性基础上,结合工程实践,提出了其安全设计的具体要求,为确保劳动者的职业安全健康提供依据。     

乌江流域表层水体中汞的形态与时空分布特征

为了弄清乌江流域表层水体中汞的形态与时空分布规律,于2009年1~12月,每月采集乌江流域河流表层水样,采用两次金汞齐-冷原子荧光光谱法和蒸馏-乙基化结合GC-CVAFS法测定了水中不同形态汞的浓度。结果表明:(1)监测期间各采样点总汞、甲基汞、溶解态汞、颗粒态汞、活性汞、颗粒态甲基汞、溶解态甲基汞的年均算数平均值分别为5.20±10.89、0.09±0.20、3.31±10.66、1.89±1.08、0.30±0.36、0.06±0.19、0.04±0.03 ng/L。不同形态汞的沿程分布显示,水库的修建改变了原有的汞的地球化学过程。(2)通过不同季节各形态汞浓度的变化发现,河流表层水中不同形态汞有明显的季节变化趋势。(3)相关分析发现,总汞受总悬浮颗粒物含量的影响相对较大;活性汞浓度的季节变化可能与降雨对乌江水体的影响有关。     

城市生活垃圾的减量化管理经济效益分析

综合应用环境经济学、技术经济学、政策学的原理从管理费用和资源利用2个角度对垃圾减量化管理进行经济效益分析,并重新界定了垃圾减量化的内涵。提出以环境友好的方式利用自然资源和环境容量．实现经济活动的生态化转向。在城市生活垃圾处置中贯彻“减量化、再使用、再循环”为内容的行为原则．实现可持续发展所要求的环境与经济双赢。     

实时荧光定量PCR技术对氨氧化细菌的研究

传统的PCR技术只能实现对核酸的定性检测而无法对其进行定量研究。随着分子生物学技术的发展,在传统PCR技术的基础上发展起来的实时荧光定量PCR技术实现了对核酸的定量研究。该技术是向常规PCR反应体系中加入荧光染料或荧光探针,通过监测PCR反应过程中荧光信号的变化来实现对核酸的定量。实时荧光定量PCR技术具有应用范围广、灵敏度高、操作简单、工作量低等特点,在医学和微生物学领域已广泛地应用于疾病诊断、病毒定量检测、微生物群落结构分析及演替规律的研究。文章综述了该项技术的原理、特点及其在环境氨氧化细菌研究中的应用,同时也指出了该技术存在的问题及其发展应用前景。     

Diurnal variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with PM2:5 in Shanghai, China

Forty-eight daily time interval PM2:5 samples were collected from December 2006 to January 2008 in an urban site in Shanghai, China. Concentrations and compositions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed with GC-MS to study the diurnal and seasonal variations and to identify the main emitting sources. The diurnal variation of the PAHs concentrations was greater in the late autumn and winter sampling days, and was greatly influenced by meteorological conditions such as wind speed and ambient temperature. The concentration of PAHs in the mornings (6:30–10:00) increased distinctly, and was high in the late autumn and winter sampling days, indicating the contribution from vehicle emissions during rush hours. The diurnal variation of the high molecular weight PAHs did not seem to be controlled by the shift of gas-particle partitioning due to temperature variation, instead, it could be indicative of the variation in the source. Statistical analyses showed that the concentrations of PAHs were negatively correlated with temperature and wind speed, and positively correlated with relative humidity. Diagnostic ratios of PAHs suggested mixed emission sources of petroleum and coal/biomass combustion for PAHs in the PM2:5 in Shanghai.     

Composition, source, mass closure of PM2:5 aerosols for four forests in eastern China

PM2.5 aerosols were collected in forests along north latitude in boreal-temperate, temperate, subtropical and tropical climatic zones in eastern China, i.e., Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve (CB), Dongping National Forest Park in Chongming Island (CM), Dinghu Mountain Nature Reserve (DH), Jianfengling Nature Reserve in Hainan Island (HN). The mass concentrations of PM2.5, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) as well as concentrations of ten inorganic ions (F-, Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, C2O42-, NH4+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) were determined. Aerosol chemical mass closures were achieved. The 24-hr average concentrations of PM2.5 were 38.8, 89.2, 30.4, 18 μg/m3 at CB, CM, DH and HN, respectively. Organic matter and EC accounted for 21%-33% and 1.3%-2.3% of PM2.5 mass, respectively. The sum of three dominant secondary ions (SO42-, NO3-, NH4+) accounted for 44%, 50%, 45% and 16% of local PM2.5 mass at CB, CM, DH and HN, respectively. WSOC comprised 35%-65% of OC. The sources of PM2.5 include especially important regional anthropogenic pollutions at Chinese forest areas.     

Effects of operational factors on soluble microbial products in a carrier anaerobic baffled reactor treating dilute wastewater

The effects of feed strength,hydraulic residence time(HRT),and operational temperatures on soluble microbial product(SMP) production were investigated,to gain insights into the production mechanism.A carrier anaerobic batfled reactor (CABR) treating dilute wastewater was operated under a wide range of operational conditions,namely,feed strengths of 300-600 mg/L,HRTs of 9-18 h,and temperatures of 10-28℃.Generally, SMP production increased with increasing feed strength and decreasing temperature.At high temperature (28℃),SMP production increased with decreasing HRT. As the temperature Was decreased to 18 and 10℃.the SMP production was at its peak for 12 h HRT Therefore,temperature could be an important determinant of SMP production along with HRT. A higher SMP to soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) ratio Was found at high temperature and long HRT because of complete volatile fatty acid degradation.SMP accounted for 50%-75% of the SCOD in the last chamber of the CABR.As a secondary metabolite.some SMP could be consumed at lower feed strength.     

活性炭吸附处理黄磷化工渗滤液研究

研究了颗粒活性炭对黄磷化工渗滤液中有机物的吸附容量、吸附热力学和动力学。结果表明:颗粒活性炭对渗滤液中有机物的吸附容量几乎不受渗滤液pH值的影响,吸附45min后基本达到平衡。吸附等温线更符合修正的Freundlich模型,表明实验中的吸附主要是多分子层的吸附。拟二级动力学模型能更好的定量描述有机物在颗粒活性炭上的吸附过程,速率常数k2=0.12128g/(mg·min),平衡吸附量qe=5.78748mg/g。     

人工湿地生态工程中基质的筛选及应用研究

文章采用Langmuir等温吸附方程研究了人工湿地基质对磷的吸附能力和基质在人工湿地中的使用寿命,结果显示不同基质对磷的吸附能力差异比较大,其中赤泥对磷的吸附能力最大,铝矿土次之,陶粒和砂子比较低,而以陶粒对磷的吸附能力最低。不同的基质在人工湿地中的使用寿命不同,赤泥可以使用大约3010个月,而陶粒则<6个月。人工湿地基质大致可分为工业副产品、土壤和沙石三类,其中以工业副产品对磷的吸附能力比较高,土壤其次,而沙石则相对较低。Langmuir等温吸附方程可比较不同基质的吸附能力大小并估算其使用寿命,因此,可将它作为一种快速筛选人工湿地基质的方法。     

基于层次分析的方差赋权法的理论及其应用

权重确定的精确度和科学性将直接影响多指标综合评价的结果。当评价指标较多时,层次分析法有时需要经过多次调整才能通过一致性检验。方差赋权法具有概念清晰、计算简便、客观性强等特点,但不能反应决策者的主观要求。文章尝试把这两种方法结合起来,利用层次分析法求各准则对总体目标的权重,利用方差赋权法求各指标对准则层的权重,然后求组合权重。结果表明基于层次分析的方差赋权法具有评价结果合理,计算过程简单,能同时满足多指标综合评价的主、客观要求,具有一定的推广应用价值。