鄱阳湖表层沉积物有机质和营养盐分布特征

通过历史数据分析及沉积物样品测定,研究了鄱阳湖表层沉积物OM、TN和TP的时空变化特征。结果表明：鄱阳湖表层沉积物中OM(0.420%~3.175%)和TN浓度(0.026%~0.235%)以“五河”尾闾最高,其次是湖心,而TP浓度(0.010%~0.094%)最高值出现在赣江、抚河及信江尾闾,并且均由南向北至长江入湖口呈降低趋势。丰水期“五河”来水量的增加显著提高了湖心及北部湖区沉积物中OM、TN和TP浓度,尤其以北部湖区增加较明显。但南部尾闾区沉积物TN浓度在枯水期明显高于丰水期。1992—2008年鄱阳湖沉积物中OM、TN和TP浓度均呈明显的增加趋势,尤其是OM和TP浓度增幅较大。2008年鄱阳湖沉积物中OM、TN和TP污染水平已经达到或超过富营养化湖泊沉积物的污染水平,与其他四大淡水湖泊相比,尽管鄱阳湖目前水质相对较好,但呈下降趋势,高氮磷营养底质则增大了其富营养化风险。     

欧盟最佳可行技术（BAT）实施经验及其启示

为了全面提高环境技术管理水平,我国“十一五”启动了一批BAT指南编制试点工作。针对我国已经开展部分BAT工作存在调研工作量大、收集技术信息不全面、缺乏有效的创新技术推广机制、筛选BAT不能很好引导技术发展方向的问题,详细分析了欧盟BAT含义、BAT参考文件作用、BAT实施过程以及信息交流机制,总结了欧盟BAT在法律法规中的地位、技术信息来源的方式、技术筛选的方法以及对新技术的激励机制方面的实施经验,指出我国BAT体系建设亟待建立BAT推广应用的法律基础、技术信息交流平台、技术工作组和专家组以及促进新技术发展的验证评估机制,从而实现BAT对环境管理的技术支撑作用。     

Cu在扇贝组织中的蓄积及其对酶活性的影响

采用暴露实验方法，研究了不同浓度的Cu（Cu^2＋）对栉孔扇贝（Chlamys farreri）鳃、肌肉、内脏团组织中Cu蓄积量及过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性的影响．结果表明：随水体中Cu浓度的升高，扇贝各组织中Cu蓄积量明显上升，Cu蓄积量顺序为：内脏〉鳃〉肌肉．Cu浓度对栉孔扇贝各组织中过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性均有明显影响，各组织中酶活性均随Cu浓度升高表现为抑制-诱导-抑制的规律．这表明，栉孔扇贝各组织中CAT酶对水体中Cu污染反映敏感，存在计量-效应关系，对海洋Cu早期污染具有指示作用．图2表1参19     

PEI-DTC的制备及其对Pb2+、Cu2+、Zn2+的吸附性能

以Pb²⁺吸附量为评价指标获得了PEI-DTC的最佳制备条件,采用SEM和FT-IR对所制备材料的形貌和结构进行了表征,考察了吸附时间、pH、振荡速度和材料投量对PEI-DTC吸附Pb²⁺、Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺效果的影响,分析了吸附过程中的动力学特征、热力学特征,研究了材料的复用性能。结果表明,采用30% PEI溶液制备PEI-DTC的最佳条件为m(PEI)/m(戊二醛)= 2:1、m(PEI)/m(硼氢化钠)=3:1、m(PEI)/m(二硫化碳)=3:1;所制备材料表面呈颗粒状和蜂窝状结构,比表面积较大;PEI-DTC对Pb²⁺、Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺的吸附效果随吸附时间、溶液pH增加呈先快速增加后趋于稳定的变化趋势,Pb²⁺、Cu²⁺在100 r·min⁻¹、Zn²⁺在150 r·min⁻¹时表现出较好的吸附效果,Pb²⁺在材料投量为0.03 g时即近于完全吸附,而Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺在材料投量为0.08 g时仍处于上升趋势;适宜吸附条件下PEI-DTC对Pb²⁺、Zn²⁺、Cu²⁺的去除率分别可达97.62%、14.79%、78.92%,对应的吸附量分别为4.005、0.509、4.658 mmol·g⁻¹;PEI-DTC对Pb²⁺、Zn²⁺、Cu²⁺的吸附过程符合Langmuir模型和准二级反应动力学模型,吸附为自发的吸热过程;经4次使用,材料对Pb²⁺的吸附量仍保留81.14%。     

Uptake of PAHs by cabbage root and leaf in vegetable plots near a large coking manufacturer and associations with PAHs in cabbage core

Samples of ambient air (including gaseous and particulate phases), dust fall, surface soil, rhizosphere soil, core (edible part), outer leaf, and root of cabbage from eight vegetable plots near a large coking manufacturer were collected during the harvest period. Concentrations, compositions, and distributions of parent PAHs in different samples were determined. Our results indicated that most of the parent PAHs in air occurred in the gaseous phase, dominated by low molecular weight (LMW) species with two to three rings. Specific isomeric ratios and principal component analysis were employed to preliminarily identify the local sources of parent PAHs emitted. The main emission sources of parent PAHs could be apportioned as a mixture of coal combustion, coking production, and traffic tailing gas. PAH components with two to four rings were prevailing in dust fall, surface soil, and rhizosphere soil. Concentrations of PAHs in surface soil exhibited a significant positive correlation with topsoil TOC fractions. Compositional profiles in outer leaf and core of cabbage, dominated by LMW species, were similar to those in the local air. Overall, the order of parent PAH concentration in cabbage was outer leaf > root > core. Partial correlation analysis and multivariate linear stepwise regression revealed that PAH concentrations in cabbage core were closely associated with PAHs present both in root and in outer leaf, namely, affected by adsorption, then absorption, and translocation of PAHs from rhizosphere soil and ambient air, respectively.     

封闭垃圾填埋场通过地表向大气释放汞的测定

利用动力学通量箱及自动测汞仪联用技术,于2004年3月中旬对贵阳市的一座封闭生活垃圾填埋场汞通过地表向大气释放的过程进行了研究。3个采样点的汞释放通量日均值分别为559.1、88.2、53.6ng·m-2·h-1,汞释放通量强度与表层基质中的汞含量密切相关,该测定值高于世界背景地区通量的1~2个数量级,说明封闭垃圾填埋场也是大气汞的潜在来源。汞释放通量呈现明显的昼夜变化规律,白天较高并在午间前后达到最大,而夜间降至最低。气相因子中光照强度与汞的释放过程相关性最高,其次分别是气温、相对湿度、地温和风速。氧化态汞的光致还原作用是可能垃圾填埋场Hg0生成的主要途径,降雨初期能促进地表汞的释放。     

AO-SBR短程硝化反硝化垃圾渗滤液预处理中试应用

针对某垃圾渗滤液处理厂现有氨吹脱预处理工艺存在的脱氮效果不佳、运行费用高、易产生二次污染等问题,开展了基于短程硝化反硝化的AO-SBR垃圾渗滤液预处理中试研究,考察了反应系统的脱氮效能,分析了氮素的迁移转化途径,计算长期稳定时预处理工艺的主要运行成本.在中试实验中,垃圾渗滤液进水氨氮浓度为1 000～2 500 mg?...     

Progress in quantitative research on the relationship between atmospheric oxidation and air quality

Atmospheric oxidizing capacity (AOC) is an essential driving force of troposphere chemistry and self-cleaning, but the definition of AOC and its quantitative representation remain uncertain. Driven by national demand for air pollution control in recent years, Chinese scholars have carried out studies on theories of atmospheric chemistry and have made considerable progress in AOC research. This paper will give a brief review of these developments. First, AOC indexes were established that represent apparent atmospheric oxidizing ability (AOIe) and potential atmospheric oxidizing ability (AOIp) based on aspects of macrothermodynamics and microdynamics, respectively. A closed study refined the quantitative contributions of heterogeneous chemistry to AOC in Beijing, and these AOC methods were further applied in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and key areas across the country. In addition, the detection of ground or vertical profiles for atmospheric OH·, HO₂·, NO₃· radicals and reservoir molecules can now be obtained with domestic instruments in diverse environments. Moreover, laboratory smoke chamber simulations revealed heterogeneous processes involving reactions of O₃ and NO₂, which are typical oxidants in the surface/interface atmosphere, and the evolutionary and budgetary implications of atmospheric oxidants reacting under multispecies, multiphase and multi-interface conditions were obtained. Finally, based on the GRAPES-CUACE adjoint model improved by Chinese scholars, simulations of key substances affecting atmospheric oxidation and secondary organic and inorganic aerosol formation have been optimized. Normalized numerical simulations of AOIe and AOIp were performed, and regional coordination of AOC was adjusted. An optimized plan for controlling O₃ and PM_2.5 was analyzed by scenario simulation.     

VOC emission caps constrained by air quality targets based on response surface model: A case study in the Pearl River Delta Region, China

Because of the recent growth in ground-level ozone and increased emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), VOC emission control has become a major concern in China. In response, emission caps to control VOC have been stipulated in recent policies, but few of them were constrained by the co-control target of PM_2.5 and ozone, and discussed the factor that influence the emission cap formulation. Herein, we proposed a framework for quantification of VOC emission caps constrained by targets for PM_2.5 and ozone via a new response surface modeling (RSM) technique, achieving 50% computational cost savings of the quantification. In the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, the VOC emission caps constrained by air quality targets varied greatly with the NO_x emission reduction level. If control measures in the surrounding areas of the PRD region were not considered, there could be two feasible strategies for VOC emission caps to meet air quality targets (160 µg/m³ for the maximum 8-hr-average 90th-percentile (MDA8-90%) ozone and 25 µg/m³ for the annual average of PM_2.5): a moderate VOC emission cap with <20% NOx emission reductions or a notable VOC emission cap with >60% NO_x emission reductions. If the ozone concentration target were reduced to 155 µg/m³, deep NO_x emission reductions is the only feasible ozone control measure in PRD. Optimization of seasonal VOC emission caps based on the Monte Carlo simulation could allow us to gain higher ozone benefits or greater VOC emission reductions. If VOC emissions were further reduced in autumn, MDA8-90% ozone could be lowered by 0.3-1.5 µg/m³, equaling the ozone benefits of 10% VOC emission reduction measures. The method for VOC emission cap quantification and optimization proposed in this study could provide scientific guidance for coordinated control of regional PM_2.5 and O₃ pollution in China.     

盐城海岸湿地资源环境压力与生态调控响应

江苏盐城海岸湿地拥有以保护丹顶鹤和麋鹿为特色的两个国家级自然保护区。然而强烈的人类活动贯穿于海岸湿地发育的每一个阶段,包括湿地围垦、资源酷取滥采以及环境污染等,使得该区资源环境面临的压力不断增大。通过对其资源环境特征、人口经济发展压力、湿地不合理开发利用压力以及水资源污染压力的分析,进而利用生态调控设计相应的政策措施响应方案,包括生态规划与设计---科学的生态功能区划,调整若干原缓冲区中生物多样性热点区为核心区;生态工程---生境更新与调整,建立人工湿地生态工程、芦苇生态工程、生态旅游等生态示范区;生态系统管理与能力建设---社区共管,与周围社区居民建立有效的伙伴关系。