前置反硝化生物滤池深度脱氮效能与影响因素

前置反硝化生物滤池具有良好的脱氮性能,被广泛用于污水的深度处理。采用该工艺对城市污水处理厂尾水进行深度处理,通过调节硝化液回流比（50%、100%、150%）和水力负荷（1.0、1.5和2.0 m3·（m2·h）-1）,考察前置反硝化生物滤池工艺对COD、TN、NH4+-N的去除效果。结果表明,当硝化液回流比为100%时,系统对污染物去除效果最好。在进水COD、TN、NH4+-N平均浓度为120、35和15 mg·L-1的水质条件下,出水COD、TN、NH4+-N平均浓度可降到7.62、5.02和0.60 mg·L-1,去除率分别为93.65%、85.65%和96.00%。在水力负荷为1.5 m3·（m2·h）-1条件下,系统对COD、TN和NH4+-N的平均去除率达到了83.00%、90.14%和95.73%,出水可以达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB 18918-2002）一级A标准。     

污泥生物炭对土壤中Pb和Cd的生物有效性的影响

以污泥为原料,在500 ℃缺氧条件下制备污泥生物炭,结合X射线能谱（EDS）、环境扫描电镜（SEM）和红外光谱（FTIR）等表征手段,分析添加污泥生物炭后污染土壤pH和Pb与Cd化学形态的变化来探究污泥生物炭对土壤中Pb、Cd的固定效果,并用盆栽方式评估添加污泥生物炭对小青菜生物量及体内重金属含量的影响。结果表明：添加污泥生物炭后,污染土壤的pH随平衡时间的延长显著升高;对于单一污染土壤和复合污染土壤,污泥生物炭对Pb和Cd均有较强的固定作用,而污泥生物炭在复合污染土壤中对Pb的固定效果优于在单一污染土壤中;添加污泥生物炭能提高小青菜的生物量,且能有效降低小青菜对污染土壤中Pb和Cd的吸收。     

Structure-activity relationships and response-surface analysis of nitroaromatics toxicity to the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

Inhibition of growth of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Cmiz, the minimum concentration that produced a clear inhibition zone within 12 h) for 24 nitroaromatic compounds was investigated and a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) developed based on hydrophobicity expressed as the l-octanol/water partition coefficient in logarithm form, log K(ow), electrophilicity based on the energy of the lowest unoccupied orbital (E(lumo)). All nitrobenzene derivatives exhibited enhanced reactive toxicity than baseline. The toxicities of mono-nitrobenzenes and di-nitrobenzenes were elicited by different mechanisms of toxic action. For mono-nitro-derivatives, both significant log K(ow) based and strong E(lumo)-dependent relationships were observed indicating that their toxicities were affected both by the penetration process and the interaction with target sites of interaction. The toxicities of di-nitrobenzenes were greater than mono-nitrobenzenes and no log K(ow)-dependent but highly significant E(lumo)-based relationship was obtained. This suggests that toxicity of di-nitrobenzenes was highly electrophilic and involved mainly their in vivo electrophilic interaction with biomacromolecules. In an effort to model the elevated toxicity of all nitrobenzenes, a response-surface analysis was performed and this resulted in a highly predictive two-variable QSAR without reference to their exact mechanisms (Cmiz = 0.41 log K(ow) - 0.89 E(lumo) - 0.46, r2 = 0.87, Q2 = 0.86, n = 24).     

Heavy metal pollution in sediments of the largest reservoir (Three Gorges Reservoir) in China: a review

The Three Gorges Dam in China is the world’s largest dam. Upon its completion in 2003, the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) became the largest reservoir in China and plays an important role in economic development and national drinking water safety. However, as a sink and source of heavy metals, there is a lack of continuous and comparative data on heavy metal pollution in sediments. This study reviewed all available literatures published on heavy metals in TGR sediments and further provided a comprehensive assessment of the pollution tendency of these heavy metals. The results showed that heavy metal concentrations in TGR sediments varied spatially and temporally. Temporal variations indicated that Hg in tributaries, as well as As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the mainstream, exhibited a higher probability to exceed background values after the impoundment of TGR. Pollution assessments by contamination factor, geoaccumulation index, and potential ecological risk were similar. High Cd and Hg concentrations in both the mainstream and tributaries are a cause for much concern. However, sediment quality guidelines produced different results, as most previous studies adopted different sampling and measurement strategies. The data inconsistencies and lack of continuity regarding the reservoir confirm the need for a continuous monitoring network and the development of quality criteria relevant to the sediments of the TGR in the future.     

铁还原菌作用下含镉聚合硫酸铁絮体中铁还原与镉释放规律及其影响因素

选取Shewanella oneidensis MR-1为供试铁还原菌,旨在研究MR-1在还原含Cd聚合硫酸铁絮体过程中,絮体中Fe（Ⅲ）还原、Cd释放规律及影响因素。结果表明,扰动可促进絮体中Fe（Ⅲ）还原及Cd释放;絮体中Cd的添加使得Fe（Ⅲ）还原过程中产生的二次矿物主要物相由磁铁矿转变为针铁矿,且Cd浓度的增加导致Fe（Ⅲ）还原率逐渐降低,Cd释放率也逐渐降低;絮体中Fe浓度的逐渐增大同样使得Fe（Ⅲ）还原率逐渐降低,Cd释放率则先增大后减小;腐殖质类模型物质蒽醌-2,6-二磺酸钠的添加可提高絮体中Fe（Ⅲ）的还原率,进而促进Cd的释放。对同一体系或不同体系间的Fe（Ⅲ）还原率及Cd释放率进行线性拟合,结果发现较大的Fe（Ⅲ）还原率能够导致絮体中Cd的更多释放,从而对环境造成更大的危害。     

多隔室厌氧折流板反应器(ABR) 的水力特性试验研究

对ABR反应器的水力流态进行了示踪剂试验,分析了特征截面面积对ABR水力特性的影响,采用停留时间分布(RTD)法研究了不同进水COD浓度和HRT条件下ABR反应器的水力特性,结果表明不同进水COD浓度时ABR反应器的RTD曲线相似,表明进水COD浓度不是影响ABR水力特性的主要因素;不同HRT条件下RTD曲线差异很大,表明HRT对ABR的水力特性影响较大,随着水力停留时间的延长,N值增大,1/Pe减小,ABR的流态趋于推流流态,随着HRT的缩短,N值减小,1/Pe数增大,ABR反应器趋于完全混合流态.     

光助Fenton氧化、化学絮凝法联合处理R盐废水的研究

采用光助Fenton氧化、化学絮凝法联合处理生物难降解的R盐废水,考察了不同反应条件对处理效果的影响.试验结果表明,光助Fenton氧化、化学絮凝法联合处理废水,两者之间存在协同作用,可以提高处理效果,降低处理成本.在最佳试验条件下,R盐废水经光助Fenton氧化、化学絮凝法联合处理后,COD去除率可达90%以上.     

湖北九宫山甜槠群落结构与优势种的空间分布格局研究

通过对湖北九宫山国家级自然保护区甜槠群落建立的1ha固定森林样地进行植物群落调查,分析了样地内木本植物物种组成、区系成分、种群径级结构和空间分布格局,结果表明:(1)样地内木本植物(DBH≥1 cm)共有132种,隶属于42科78属,其中,杜鹃花科、壳斗科、樟科、蔷薇科、冬青科等是优势科,短柄袍、鹿角杜鹃、青冈、长叶石栎、甜槠等是优势种.(2)样地内植物科、属的分布类型均以泛热带分布类型为主,分别为30.95％和20.51％.(3)样地内所有木本植物个体的径级结构均呈倒"J"型,幼龄个体数量大,森林群落更新状况良好.(4)样地内木本植物个体的空间分布格局以聚集分布为主,部分优势物种在小尺度上呈聚集分布,而在较大尺度上则为随机分布.     

神农架大九湖亚高山泥炭湿地甲烷通量变化特征及其与产甲烷菌群落组成的关系

2018年12月～2019年11月,采用涡度相关法和高通量测序技术,以湖北省神农架大九湖亚高山泥炭湿地为研究对象,对甲烷(CH4)通量以及产甲烷菌群落组成进行相关研究.结果 及分析表明:大九湖泥炭湿地研究期间表现为CH4的源,CH4总排放量为9333.26 mg· m-2,CH4日平均排放通量为18.50 nmol·m-2·s-1,冬、春、夏、秋四季的CH4平均排放通量分别为6.46、4.62、36.81、25.92 nmol·m-2·s-1,存在明显的季节变化;研究区产甲烷菌优势菌群为Methanoregula(66.73％)和Methanocella(21.99％);对样本中产甲烷菌的Shannon指数进行双因素方差分析发现,同一季节不同深度的样本中产甲烷菌多样性存在显著差异,随着深度的增加,产甲烷菌的多样性指数呈下降趋势;同一深度不同季节的样本中产甲烷菌多样性存在显著差异;夏季产甲烷菌群落组成与CH4排放通量为强正相关关系,春季产甲烷菌群落组成与CH4排放通量为强负相关关系,Methanothermus与CH4排放通量为显著正相关关系,Methanolinea与CH4排放通量为显著负相关关系.     

夏热冬冷地区屋顶绿化全年能耗削减及成本效益

绿化屋顶的降温节能效益已有诸多文献报导,但专门针对夏热冬冷地区不同屋顶绿化模式的全年能耗模拟研究并不多见.以南京为例,采用EnergyPlus模型分析粗放、半密集、密集3类典型屋顶绿化的全年建筑能耗削减效应及季节规律,基于降温节能价值开展成本效益分析.结果 表明,屋顶绿化能够通过蒸散与隔离作用调节建筑屋顶表面温度,夏季以降温为主,最大降温幅度为29.3℃,冬季以保温为主,最高升温幅度为13℃.夏冬两季屋顶表面温度的降低/升高分别引起建筑制冷/热负荷的削减:粗放、半密集、密集3种绿化屋顶夏季制冷负荷削减率分别为-0.4％、2％和2.4％,冬季制热负荷分别降低16.5％、23.1％和28.3％,全年建筑能耗削减率为1.9％、4.9％和5.9％,其中,顶层能耗削减占削减总量的11％～71％.成本效益分析结果表明,密集型屋顶绿化的财务净现值最大、投资回报率最高,但3类绿化屋顶在40年生命周期内均无法通过能耗削减效益收回投资成本.研究结果可为同气候区屋顶绿化设计与推广提供参考.