略论中医学防治环境污染疾病的优势

本文说明了古代中医对环境污染并非一无所知.认为现代中医学应将环境污染作为一项病因提到教学与研究的日程.探讨了环境污染性病因的概念及其致病特点.简论了中医学防治环境污染疾病的认识论和实践性的优势.坚信中医学在此领域将大有作为.     

鲢鳙放养水平对淀山湖浮游植物群落影响的围隔实验

在淀山湖进行放养不同密度鲢、鳙的围隔实验（密度水平梯度设置为0、40、80和120 g/m3）,探索鲢、鳙的现场控藻效果。结果表明,实验后期（8—9月）,鲢、鳙放养密度为80 g/m3和120 g/m3的围隔对叶绿素a的去除效果显著（P〈0.05）;且放养密度为80 g/m3的围隔蓝藻比例降幅最明显。鲢、鳙对较大个体藻...     

污染指数变化率在城市环境质量综合评价中的应用

本文通过计算城市各环境单元的污染指数、综合污染指数及其变化率,用比较直观的数字来表示城市的综合环境质量及其动态变化,从而提高了环境质量统计数据的可比性和可用性。     

基于GIS和PMF模型的石嘴山市土壤多环芳烃空间分布及来源解析

随着城市化和工业化进程加速,城市土壤多环芳烃(PAHs)含量及污染状况受到广泛关注.以石嘴山市为例,分析8个城市功能区156个表层土壤(0～20 cm)样品PAHs含量的空间分布特征,运用单因子指数、内梅罗综合指数和终生癌症风险增量模型评价土壤PAHs污染状况,利用正定矩阵因子分解模型(PMF)对PAHs来源进行解析.结果表明,石嘴山市表层土壤PAHs总含量均值为489.82 ng·g^-1,除芘(Pyr)外的15种PAH单体变异系数均大于100%,属强变异;不同功能区土壤PAHs含量呈现出:交通区(1 217.61 ng·g^-1)>工业区(809.58 ng·g^-1)>公园(273.66 ng·g^-1)>文教区(268.18 ng·g^-1)>商业区(240.05 ng·g^-1)>农业区(226.81 ng·g^-1)>医疗区(211.90 ng·g^-1)>居民区(183.4...     

分层型水库水体好氧不产氧光合细菌时空演替特征

好氧不产氧光合细菌(aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis bacteria,AAPB)以多样的群落结构及独特的代谢功能在水体物质循环中扮演着重要角色.基于实时荧光定量PCR及Illumina MiSeq高通量DNA测序技术研究金盆水库水体中AAPB丰度及群落结构时空演替特征,结合冗余分析揭示环境因子对其群落结构影响规律.结果表明,金盆水库水体AAPB丰度(以pufM基因计)变化范围为(6.70±0.43)×10³～(2.69±0.15)×10⁴ copies·mL^-1,最大值出现于10月,且随水深增加而减小.样本主要归为19个属(除未分类菌属外),优势AAPB菌属包括慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium sp.)和甲烷菌属(Methylobacterium sp.),两者隶属α-变形菌(α-Proteobacteria),其中慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium sp.)占比于11月最高,高达60%以上(除10 m外),此外也发现了以低比例存在的红长命菌属(Rubrivivax ...     

北京市道路雨水径流溶解性有机物化学组分特性

为探究北京市道路雨水径流溶解性有机物(DOM)的化学特性,采用三维荧光光谱、紫外-可见吸收光谱及红外光谱技术,对北京市不同交通密度道路雨水径流溶解性有机物的化学组分进行分析.结果表明,北京市道路雨水径流DOM以疏水性组分为主,且主要为疏水中性组分.道路雨水径流DOM亲水性组分主要由类芳香蛋白物质组成,疏水性组分除含大量类芳香蛋白物质外,还含有大量类富里酸物质.道路雨水径流DOM疏水性组分的芳香化程度较高、腐殖化程度较低,亲水性组分与之相反.道路雨水径流DOM酸性组分中含异构化的羧基和苯环等官能团,碱性组分和中性组分中多含醚键、酯基、酚类和醇类等官能团.交通密度对道路雨水径流DOM化学组分的物质组成、特性等无明显影响,仅影响各化学组分中的物质含量;交通密度越大,各化学组分中物质的含量越多和芳香化程度越高,腐殖化程度越低.     

内蒙古河套灌区排水干沟微塑料赋存特征及质量估算

陆地径流中微塑料污染因其与人类联系更紧密已越来越受到人们的广泛关注,为分析内蒙古河套灌区排水干沟和总排水干沟微塑料的赋存特征并对其质量进行估算,通过现场采样、密度悬浮法分离、显微镜观察、傅里叶红外光谱测定和比例流量法等,鉴定了河套灌区排水干沟和总排水干沟水体和沉积物中微塑料的丰度分布、形状、颜色、粒径和化学成分,并估算了总排水干沟日输送微塑料的质量.结果表明,河套灌区排水干沟和总排水干沟水体中微塑料丰度值范围为2 880～11 200 n·m^-3,沉积物中微塑料丰度值范围为100～292 n·kg^-1;纤维状为最常见的微塑料形态,分别占据水体和沉积物的34.98%～70.39%和42.24%～58.56%;微塑料颜色以透明为主,分别占据水体和沉积物的46.43%～61.51%和40.41%～57.44%;微塑料粒径以<0.5 mm粒径最多,分别占据水体和沉积物微塑料的46.43%～61.51%和43.27%～54.79%;利用傅里叶红外光谱得出聚乙烯是最常见的类型(43%),其次是聚苯乙烯(34%)和聚丙烯(16%);通过估算得出河套灌...     

中原城市群国家干线公路SOA生成潜势估算

二次有机气溶胶(SOA)是大气污染的主要成分之一,估算汽车尾气所生成的SOA对交通大气污染治理具有重要意义.本文基于国家干线公路交通量调查数据,根据监测站点和代表路段长度建立了中原城市群干线路网线性参考系统,并以车流量为基础数据,采用排放系数法测算出中原城市群干线道路VOCs排放量,再根据气溶胶生成系数对SOA的生成潜...     

Enzymological mechanism for the regulation of lanthanum chloride on flavonoid synthesis of soybean seedlings under enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation

In order to probe into the enzymological mechanism for the regulation of lanthanum chloride (LaCl₃) on flavonoid synthesis in plants under enhanced ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation, the effects of LaCl₃ (20 and 60 mg l^?1) on the content of flavonoids as well as the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumarate?:?coenzyme A ligase (4CL), and chalcone synthase (CHS) in soybean seedlings under enhanced UV-B radiation (2.6 and 6.2 kJ m^?2 day^?1) were investigated. Enhanced UV-B radiation (2.6 and 6.2 kJ m^?2 day^?1) caused the increase in the content of flavonoids as well as the activities of PAL, C4H, 4CL, and CHS in soybean seedlings. The treatment of 20 mg l^?1 LaCl₃ also efficiently increased these indices, which promoted the flavonoid synthesis and provided protective effects for resisting enhanced UV-B radiation. On the contrary, the treatment of 60 mg l^?1 LaCl₃ decreased the content of flavonoids as well as the activities of C4H, 4CL, and CHS in soybean seedlings except increasing the activity of PAL, which were not beneficial to the flavonoid synthesis and provided negative effects for resisting enhanced UV-B radiation. In conclusion, enhanced UV-B radiation caused the increase in the flavonoid synthesis by promoting the activities of PAL, C4H, 4CL, and CHS in soybean seedlings. The treatment of LaCl₃ could change flavonoid synthesis in soybean seedlings under enhanced UV-B radiation by regulating the activities of PAL, C4H, 4CL, and CHS, which is an enzymological mechanism for the regulation of LaCl₃ on flavonoid synthesis in plants under enhanced UV-B radiation.     

Effects of sorption on biodegradation rates of 2,4-D: Improvement of Rao''s model

In the presence of sorbents, the biodegradation rates of organic compounds can be decreased or increased. Four kinds of interactions have to be considered as follows: (1) chemicals in solution reacted with bacteria in solution; (2) sorbed chemicals reacted with bacteria in solution; (3) chemicals in solution reacted with sorbed bacteria and (4) sorbed chemicals reacted with sorbed bacteria. The corresponding rate constants K can be solved in our improved model. Some special situations are discussed.

The biodegradation of 2,4-D, as an example, reacted with a pure strain (Pseudomanos sp.) which was isolated from soil polluted by 2,4-D then labeled by radioactive ³²P were performed in the presence of sediment (or soil). The results showed that 2,4-D sorbed on sediment (or soil) were available to neither bacteria in solution nor bacteria on sediment (or soil), but 2,4-D in solution can be degraded by both bacteria in solution and bacteria on sediment (or soil). Biodegradation of 2,4-D in the presence of sediment (or soil) agreed with results of Rao's model.