半干半湿法烟气脱硫主要影响因素分析

建立了半干法气流床烟气脱硫实验反应装置。实验研究了温度、绝对含湿量和飞灰对烟气脱硫的影响。烟气温度在65～130℃之间,绝对含湿量通过改变蒸汽量调节,在0%～10%之间,并且采用飞灰一次加入来模拟返灰,石灰与粉煤灰的比例分别为1∶3,1∶5和1∶8。结果表明,没有水蒸气加入时,温度的升高对脱硫效率影响不大,加入水蒸气后温度为68℃左右时,脱硫效率最高;65℃时,绝对含湿量在73%时脱硫效率最高;在T=68℃、Ca/S=12时,与不加粉煤灰的脱硫剂相比,利用石灰/粉煤灰=1∶8的混合脱硫剂时,脱硫效率提高了128%。     

半干半湿法烟气脱硫技术的工业应用研究

探讨了日本半干半湿法脱硫除尘系统和中国环境科学研究院半干半湿法烟气脱硫除尘示范系统的主要差别 ,研究了半干半湿法烟气脱硫技术在出塔烟气温度、钙硫摩尔比和循环粉煤灰返灰等方面对脱硫效率的影响。结果表明 ,在脱硫塔出口烟气温度为 78℃、m(循环粉煤灰返灰 )∶ m(石灰 )为 1∶ 4、n( Ca)∶ n( S) <1.2时 ,脱硫效率达 85 .1%;在 n( Ca)∶ n( S) =1.4时 ,脱硫效率可达 88.3 %。     

A review of neurotoxicity of microcystins

Cyanobacterial blooms-produced microcystins are secondary metabolites which can accumulate in the food chain and contaminate water, thus posing a potential threat to the health of aquatic animals and even humans. Microcystin toxicity affects not only the liver but also the other organs, i.e., the brain. The serious neurotoxicity effects caused by microcystins then lead to various symptoms. This review focuses on the neurotoxicity of microcystins. Microcystins can cross blood-brain barrier with the transport of Oatps/OATPs, causing neurostructural, functional, and behavioral changes. In this review, potential uptake mechanisms and neurotoxicity mechanisms are summarized, including neurotransmissions, neurochannels, signal transduction, oxidative stress, and cytoskeleton disruption. However, further researches are needed for detailed studies on signaling pathways and the downstream pathways of neurotoxicity of microcystins.     

A copula-based chance-constrained waste management planning method: An application to the city of Regina,Saskatchewan, Canada

This study proposes a copula-based chance-constrained waste management planning (CCWMP) method. The method can effectively reflect the interactions between random parameters of the waste management planning systems, and thus can help analyze the influences of their interactions on the entire systems. In particular, a joint distribution function is established using preestimated marginal distributions of random variables and an optimal copula selected from widely used Gaussian, Student’s t, Clayton, Frank, Gumbel, and Ali-Mikhail-Haq copulas. Then a set of joint probabilistic constraints in the chance-constrained programming problems is converted into individual probabilistic constraints using the joint distribution function. Further, this method is applied to residential solid waste management in the city of Regina in Canada for demonstrating its applicability. Nine scenarios based on different joint and marginal probability levels are considered within a multiperiod and multizone context to effectively reflect dynamic, uncertain, and interactive characteristics of the solid waste management systems in the city. The results provide many decision alternatives under these scenarios, including cost-effective and environmentally friendly decision schemes. Moreover, the results indicate that even though the effect of the joint probability levels on the system costs is more significant than that of the marginal probability levels, the effect of marginal probability levels is notable, and there exists a trade-off between the total system cost and the constraint-violation risk. Therefore, the results obtained from the present study would be useful to support the city’s long-term solid waste management planning and formulate local policies and regulation concerning the city’s waste generation and management.Implications: The CCWMP method not only can solve chance-constrained problems with unknown probability distributions of random variables in the right-hand sides of constraints, but also can effectively reflect the interactions between the random parameters and thus help analyze the influences of their interactions on the entire systems. The results obtained through applying this method to the city of Regina in Canada can provide many decision alternatives under different joint probability levels and marginal probability levels, and would be useful to support the city’s long-term solid waste management planning.     

乙二胺还原的氧化石墨烯对镉离子的动态吸附

以乙二胺(EDA)还原氧化石墨烯(GO)制得一种吸附剂材料,即还原态氧化石墨烯(RGO)。考察了动态条件下Cd2+溶液的初始浓度、流速及吸附床高度对穿透曲线的影响,同时利用Bed-Depth-Service Time(BDST)模型对吸附床高度与穿透时间的关系进行线性拟合分析,研究了RGO对Cd2+溶液的动态吸附性能。结果表明,RGO可以有效地去除水溶液中的Cd2+,随着吸附床高度的增加,离子的去除率增大,穿透时间延长;当溶液初始浓度增大时穿透时间缩短,离子的去除率减小;而溶液的流速加快,穿透时间和去除率都相应减小。吸附床高度与穿透时间的关系可用BDST模型较好地进行描述,预测新的操作条件下的穿透时间与实验值误差均小于5%。     

Fered-Fenton法处理石化废水反渗透浓水

以Ti金属网为阴极、Ti负载RuO2金属网为阳极,构建Fered-Fenton反应系统,处理石化废水反渗透膜法浓水.考察H2O2浓度、Fe2+浓度、初始pH值和电流密度等因素对废水处理效果的影响,并分析了废水可生化性及污染物降解规律.结果表明,在H2O2浓度为75.0 mmol/L,Fe2+浓度为7.5 mmol/L,初始pH值为3.0,电流密度为5.1 mA/cm2的条件下,反应120 min后废水TOC可由198.2 mg/L降到99.6 mg/L,有机污染物矿化率达到49.7％,BOD5/COD由0.11提高至0.31,废水可生化性明显改善.三维荧光光谱(EEM)分析结果表明,Fered-Fenton法对废水中类蛋白、类富里酸等荧光有机物去除率达到66.7％,该类大分子难降解有机物的氧化降解有利于改善废水可生化性,为进一步的生化处理创造了良好的条件.     

Dynamics of copper and tetracyclines during composting of water hyacinth biomass amended with peat or pig manure

Composting is one of the post-treatment methods for phytoremediation plants. Due to a high potential of water hyacinth to accumulate pollutants, the physicochemical parameters, microbial activity as well as fates of copper (Cu) and tetracyclines (TCs) were investigated for the different amended water hyacinth biomass harvested from intensive livestock and poultry wastewater, including unamended water hyacinth (W), water hyacinth amended with peat (WP), and water hyacinth amended with pig manure (WPM) during the composting process. Pig manure application accelerated the composting process as evidenced by an increase of temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), NH₄-N, as well as functional diversity of microbial communities compared to W and WP treatments. Composting process was slowed down by high Cu, but not by TCs. The addition of peat significantly increased the residual fraction of Cu, while pig manure addition increased available Cu concentration in the final compost. Cu could be effectively transformed into low available (oxidizable) and residual fractions after fermentation. In contrast, less than 0.5% of initial concentrations of TCs were determined at the end of 60-day composting for all treatments in the final composts. The dissipation of TCs was accelerated by the high Cu concentration during composting. Therefore, composting is an effective method for the post-treatment and resource utilization of phytoremediation plants containing Cu and/or TCs.     

Occurrence and human dietary assessment of sulfonamide antibiotics in cultured fish around Tai Lake,China

As the most important fishery medicines, sulfonamides are widely used to prevent diseases caused by pathogens in aquaculture. However, relatively little is known about the residues and dietary risks associated with cultured fish around Tai Lake. In the present study, a sampling strategy for a complete aquaculture period was conducted. Specifically, 12 selected sulfonamide antibiotics were measured among 116 fish samples recruited from four sampling periods, four species, four areas, and 18 fish ponds. All 12 antibiotics were detected at detection frequencies of 4.31–28.45%. Total sulfonamides were detected in 77.59% of the fish samples, with 57.76% of fish samples containing from 0.1 to 10 μg kg^?1. Sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), sulfamethazine (SDD), and sulfamonomethoxine (SMM) were the main types of antibiotics used, and these were present at high concentrations (>100 μg kg^?1) with high occurrences, especially in the middle of the aquaculture season. Dietary assessment showed that residual antibiotics in all fish that were being sent to market were far below the maximum residue limit (MRL) of total sulfonamides and that there was almost no risk associated with fish consumption. The results of the present study will facilitate development of effective measures to produce safe aquatic products and meaningful suggestions for consuming aquatic products.     

铜基钯镍退镀液中铜的再生利用

采用硫氰酸盐沉铜法回收铜基钯镍退镀液中的铜。沉铜的优化工艺条件为初始Cu~(2+)质量浓度3.84 g/L、Cu~(2+)与Na SCN及Na_2SO_3摩尔比1∶4∶0.6、沉铜反应温度30℃,陈化时间24 h,沉铜反应后退镀液中Cu~(2+)残留量仅为0.025 mg/L。在此条件下加入聚乙二醇1.5 g/L,并提高分散液温度至50℃,可制得平均粒径为0.472μm的CuSCN超细粉体。CuSCN粉体为类球形,为含α、β两种晶型的混晶。     

水污染分析校准用汞溶液的研制

研制了水污染分析校准用汞溶液。采用原子荧光光谱法对样品进行了均匀性和稳定性检验,对样品的量值进行了验证并进行了不确定度评定。检验结果表明:汞溶液均匀性良好,室温条件下可稳定36个月以上;样品的标准值为100 mg/L,扩展不确定度为2 mg/L。样品量值与美国AccuStandard公司同种标准物质具有一致性。可用于水中汞检测的测定标准、质量控制、分析方法研究以及实验室能力验证等方面。