Degradation of kanamycin from production wastewater with high-concentration organic matrices by hydrothermal treatment

It is known that many kinds of fermentative antibiotics can be removed by temperature-enhanced hydrolysis from production wastewater based on their easy-to-hydrolyze characteristics. However, a few aminoglycosides are hard to hydrolyze below 100°C because of their stability expressed by high molecular energy gap (ΔE). Herein, removal of hard-to-hydrolyze kanamycin residue from production wastewater by hydrothermal treatment at subcritical temperatures was investigated. The results showed the reaction temperature had a significant impact on kanamycin degradation. The degradation half-life (t_1/2) was shortened by 87.17-fold when the hydrothermal treatment temperature was increased from 100°C to 180°C. The t_1/2 of kanamycin in the N₂ process was extended by 1.08-1.34-fold compared to that of the corresponding air process at reaction temperatures of 140-180°C, indicating that the reactions during hydrothermal treatment process mainly include oxidation and hydrolysis. However, the contribution of hydrolysis was calculated as 75%-98%, which showed hydrolysis played a major role during the process, providing possibilities for the removal of kanamycin from production wastewaters with high-concentration organic matrices. Five transformation products with lower antibacterial activity than kanamycin were identified using UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis. More importantly, hydrothermal treatment could remove 97.9% of antibacterial activity (kanamycin EQ, 1,109 mg/L) from actual production wastewater with COD_Cr around 100,000 mg/L. Furthermore, the methane production yield in anaerobic inhibition tests could be increased about 2.3 times by adopting the hydrothermal pretreatment. Therefore, it is concluded that hydrothermal treatment as a pretreatment technology is an efficient method for removing high-concentration hard-to-hydrolyze antibiotic residues from wastewater with high-concentration organic matrices.     

Seasonal variations of soil bacterial communities in Suaeda wetland of Shuangtaizi River estuary, Northeast China

Estuarine wetland is the transitional interface linking terrestrial with marine ecosystems, and wetland microbes are crucial to the biogeochemical cycles of nutrients. The soil samples were collected in four seasons (spring, S1; summer, S2; autumn, S3; and winter, S4) from Suaeda wetland of Shuangtaizi River estuary, Northeast China, and the variations of bacterial community were evaluated by high-throughput sequencing. Soil properties presented a significant seasonal change, including pH, carbon (C) and total nitrogen (TN), and the microbial diversity, richness and structure also differed with seasons. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and Mantel tests implied that soil pH, C and TN were the key factors structuring the microbial community. Gillisia (belonging to Bacteroidetes) and Woeseia (affiliating with Gammaproteobacteria) were the two primary components in the rhizosphere soils, displaying opposite variations with seasons. Based on PICRUSt (Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States) prediction, the xenobiotics biodegradation related genes exhibited a seasonal decline, while the majority of biomarker genes involved in nitrogen cycle showed an ascending trend. These findings could advance the understanding of rhizosphere microbiota of Suaeda in estuarine wetland.     

改性活性炭对内分泌干扰物的吸附效能与机制

为提高活性炭对内分泌干扰物的吸附效率,分别采用混合酸溶液,氨水,KMnO₄溶液和表面活性剂溶液对活性炭进行改性.采用比表面积及孔隙度分析仪、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）和Boehm滴定法对改性后活性炭表面化学性质及孔隙特征的变化进行评价.通过静态吸附实验确定活性炭的最佳改性方法,并对改性后活性炭吸附机理进行探讨.实验结果表明,KMnO₄改性活性炭（AC-K）表现出最佳的污染物吸附性能,其对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）、阿特拉津（Atrazine）和磺胺甲恶唑（SMZ）的去除率分别可达到94.5%、93.8%和95.5%,且吸附过程符合二级动力学方程和D-R模型.由模型计算结果可知,AC-K对目标污染物的吸附速率明显加快,其中对Atrazine的二级吸附速率常数是AC的1.75倍.AC-K对DBP、Atrazine和SMZ的理论饱和吸附量也分别比改性前分别提高了42.2%、629%和122%.经KMnO₄改性后,活性炭的吸附机制由物理吸附占主导,转化为离子交换吸附.     

多孔生物质基材用于城镇污水处理厂尾水深度净化的试验研究

为探讨城镇污水处理厂尾水的深度净化技术,以农林秸秆生物质发电后的废料制成的生物质基材为填料,考察填料对城镇污水处理厂尾水的处理效果,并借助Miseq高通量测序技术对移动床生物膜反应器（MBRR）中的悬浮填料,多孔生物质基材中生物膜的微生物群落组成和结构进行了解析。结果表明:多孔生物质基材能够深度净化市政污水处理厂尾水,对MBBR出水NH₄+-N、TN、COD和TP的平均去除率分别提高了0.9%、19.0%、7.1%和10.5%。此外,由于多孔生物质基材的微生物物种丰度和多样性高于MBBR,其微生物群落结构中反硝化相关菌属占优势（24.2%）,并含有一定比例的聚磷菌（4.6%）和自养硝化菌（1.3%）,因此多孔生物质基材更利于脱氮除磷等功能菌群的富集和生长,可对污水的强化处理起关键作用。该结果可为城镇生活污水处理厂尾水深度净化过程中强化脱氮除磷的工程化应用提供依据和参数。     

臭氧氧化工艺对污水处理厂二级出水的处理特性

城镇污水处理厂深度处理单元采用臭氧氧化和臭氧催化氧化工艺可对溶解性难降解有机物进行强化去除。针对臭氧氧化的选择性和臭氧催化氧化去除COD的稳定性,以污水处理厂二级出水为研究对象进行臭氧氧化小试和中试试验,考察不同进水水质情况下臭氧氧化的效果,臭氧氧化后污水可生化性和NH₃-N的变化情况以及臭氧催化氧化去除COD的稳定性。研究结果表明:臭氧氧化对不同水质进水COD的去除效果差异较大,对含有较多饱和有机酸的污水处理效果有限,且臭氧氧化处理后污水BOD₅和NH₃-N均未升高。臭氧催化氧化去除COD的效果与催化剂的吸附饱和程度相关。因此,建议设计城镇污水处理厂臭氧氧化和臭氧催化氧化工艺前需进行小试实验明确对COD的去除效果,臭氧催化氧化小试实验需进行90 d以上或试验至臭氧催化剂达到吸附饱和,不建议在臭氧氧化工艺后增设生物滤池和曝气生物滤池。     

城镇污水处理厂活性污泥反硝化速率的影响因素及优化运行研究

反硝化过程是影响污水处理厂出水总氮达标排放的重要环节之一,进水碳源、回流比、溶解氧（DO）和搅拌方式等均为影响活性污泥反硝化性能的重要因素。通过对太湖流域58座污水处理厂提标改造的运行效果进行评估分析,并对水质波动规律、工艺设计及设备设施等方面进行调研及优化分析,研究了不同条件对活性污泥反硝化速率的影响,探讨了污水处理厂在实际生产运行中反硝化脱氮过程主要存在的问题及对策。结果表明:各厂反硝化速率在0~5.18 mg NO₃--N/（g VSS·h）时,平均反硝化速率为1.40 mg NO₃--N/（g VSS·h）,进水碳源浓度较低为各个污水处理厂反硝化速率较低的主要原因。其中外加碳源的种类、投加点位对反硝化脱氮具有较大的影响,在各厂进水中投加易降解碳源并保持较高的搅拌速率后,发现反硝化潜力为1.16~20.80 mg NO₃--N/（g VSS·h）,表明改善进水水质并创造较好的反硝化条件,有利于整体反硝化水平的提升。此外,充分的搅拌条件也可增强污泥的反硝化性能。另外,选择合适的内回流比可以有效强化生物反硝化脱氮性能,但内回流中高DO对反硝化影响较大,降低回流DO可以有效提高NO₃--N去除量。     

城镇污水处理厂一级A标准运行评估与再提标重难点分析

截至2019年底,全国共有2913座城镇污水处理厂执行GB 18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》的一级A标准,占全国城镇污水处理厂总数的53.2%,一级A标准已成为目前国内城镇污水处理厂执行最广泛的排放标准。通过对近6年太湖流域204座执行一级A标准污水处理厂的深入调研,结合全国100多座污水处理厂的全流程分析工作成果,首先系统评估了执行一级A标准的城镇污水处理厂的运行成效,其中太湖流域城镇污水处理厂在一级A提标改造后由于进水量的不断增加和出水浓度的不断降低,污染物削减总量显著提高,对太湖流域有机物、氮、磷减排及太湖富营养化控制做出了积极贡献。然后总结了城镇污水处理厂在运行过程中的常见问题,在进水水质、工艺设计、设备设施选择和维护以及活性污泥功能菌群性能调控等方面仍有进一步完善和优化空间,并提出了针对性的优化运行措施。最后重点探讨新一轮提标改造工作的重难点和对策,提出在新一轮提标改造中,应当重视污水收集系统的提质增效,提高管网质量和输送效率,并建议提标改造前先开展现有工艺的全流程分析,再在此基础上确定采取工艺优化或工程措施。     

高工业废水占比城镇污水处理厂COD提标技术比选与分析

废水中含有浓度高、成分复杂的溶解性难降解有机物,是目前许多进水中工业废水占比较高的城镇污水处理厂在新一轮提标改造中遇到的难题。以太湖流域4座进水含高比例难降解工业废水的污水处理厂为研究对象,分析水解酸化及多种污水深度处理技术对于化学需氧量（COD）的去除效果。结果表明:水解酸化技术可在一定程度上提高废水的可生化性,且添加填料能够起到促进效果;混凝沉淀、膜过滤两种深度处理技术对于可溶解性难降解COD的去除率仅为30%~35%;臭氧氧化技术对于部分溶解性难降解有机物的矿化能力较差,因此其受进水中有机物种类的影响较大;活性炭对有机物的吸附具有普遍性,去除效果较好,在空床水力停留时间（hydraulic retention time,HRT）为10 min的情况下,活性炭吸附废水中溶解性难降解有机物后,发现出水COD稳定低于20 mg/L,但该工艺运行成本较高,且需考虑活性炭的再生及处置问题。因此COD深度处理工艺的选择应基于进水水质情况,在小试及中试规模试验可行的前提下进行充分的技术论证,并综合考虑建设、运行、占地、高程等因素来选择合适的提标改造技术。     

Seasonal variation and sources of derivatized phenols in atmospheric fine particulate matter in North China Plain

Qualitative and quantitative analyses of derivatized phenols in Beijing and in Xinglong were performed from 2016 to 2017 using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.The results showed substantially more severe pollution in Beijing.Of the 14 compounds detected,the total average concentration was 100 ng/m~3 in Beijing,compared with 11.6 ng/m~3 in Xinglong.More specifically,concentration of nitro-aromatic compounds(NACs)(81.9 ng/m~3 in Beijing and 8.49 ng/m3 in Xinglong) was the highest,followed by aromatic acids(14.6 ng/m~3 in Beijing and 2.42 ng/m~3 in Xinglong) and aromatic aldehydes(3.62 ng/m~3 in Beijing and 0.681 ng/m~3 in Xinglong).In terms of seasonal variation,the highest concentrations were found for 4-nitrocatechol in winter in Beijing(79.1±63.9 ng/m~3) and 4-nitrophenol in winter in Xinglong(9.72±8.94 ng/m~3).The analysis also revealed diurnal variations across different seasons.Most compounds presented higher concentrations at night in winter because of the decreased boundary layer height and increased heating intensity.While some presented higher levels during the day,which attributed to the photo-oxidation process for summer and more biomass burning activities for autumn.Higher concentrations appeared in winter and autumn than in spring and summer,which resulted from more coal combustions and adverse meteorological conditions.The significant correlations among NACs indicated similar sources of pollution.Higher correlations presented within each subgroup than those between the subgroups.Good correlations between levoglucosan and nitrophenols,nitrocatechols,nitro salicylic acids,with correlation coefficients(r) of 0.66,0.69 and 0.69,respectively,indicating an important role of biomass burning among primary sources.     

施加生物炭对河流沿岸土吸附铜的影响机制

为探究生物炭施加对河流沿岸土吸附铜的影响机制,采集嘉陵江流域(川渝段)内苍溪(CX)、南部(NB)、嘉陵(JL)和合川(HC)沿岸土表层(S,0～20 cm)、亚表层(D,20～40 cm)共8种土样,分别将1%(质量比)生物炭(B)加入到8种土样中形成混合土样(CX_(SB)、NB_(SB)、JL_(SB)和HC_(SB); CX_(DB)、NB_(DB)、JL_(DB)和HC_(DB))。以原始土样作为对照,批处理法研究各供试土样在不同温度、pH和离子强度下的Cu~(2+)吸附和热力学特征,并分析Cu的吸附形态。结果显示:(1)各供试土样对Cu~(2+)的等温吸附都适用Langmuir模型描述,Cu~(2+)的最大吸附量q_m在62. 20～363. 64 mmol/kg之间,S层土样对Cu~(2+)的吸附量均呈现JL NB CXHC的趋势,而D层土样呈现JL CX NB HC的趋势。施加生物炭有助于增强D层土壤对Cu~(2+)的吸附。(2) 20～40℃范围内,各供试土样对Cu~(2+)的吸附量均随温度的升高而升高,表现为增温正效应。热力学参数结果表明各混合土样对Cu~(2+)的吸附是一个自发、吸热和熵增的过程。(3) pH的升高有利于各供试土样对Cu~(2+)的吸附。随着离子强度的增加,各混合土样(HC_S和HC_D除外)对Cu~(2+)的吸附量均呈现先增后降的趋势,0. 1 mol/L时最大。(4)土样中吸附的铜主要以碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态铜存在,生物炭的施加增加了土样中可交换态(HC除外)和有机结合态铜含量,而对碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态铜影响较小。供试土样对Cu~(2+)的q_m主要是由CEC和比表面积决定的。