Coupling a land use model and an ecosystem model for a crop-pasture zone

This paper describes the development of a land use model coupling ecosystem processes. For a given land use pattern in a region, a built-in regional ecosystem model (TESim) simulates leaf physiology of plants, carbon and nitrogen dynamics, and hydrological processes including runoff generation and run-on re-absorption, as well as runoff-induced soil erosion and carbon and nitrogen loss from ecosystems. The simulation results for a certain period from 1976 to 1999 were then used to support land use decisions and to assess the impacts of land use changes on environment. In the coupling model, the land use type for a land unit was determined by optimization of a weighted suitability derived from expert knowledge about the ecosystem state and site conditions. The model was applied to the temperate crop-pasture band in northern China (CCPB) to analyze the interactions between land use and major ecosystem processes and functions and to indicate the added value of the feedbacks by comparing simulations with and without the coupling and feedbacks between land use module and ecosystem processes. The results indicated that the current land use in CCPB is neither economical nor ecologically judicious. The scenario with feedbacks increased NPP by 46.78 g C m⁻² a⁻¹, or 32.23% of the scenario without feedbacks, also decreased soil erosion by 0.65 kg m⁻² a⁻¹, or 23.13%. Without altering the regional land use structure (proportions of each land use type). The system developed in this study potentially benefits both land managers and researchers.     

水合氧化铁对痕量铀的吸附行为

研究了水合氧化铁的制备条件及其对痕量铀的吸附行为,结果表明,当加碱温度和反应温度均为80℃时,吸附剂具有最大比表面积172．8m^2.g^-1,当吸附平衡时间为30min,吸附温度为90－95℃,溶液pH≈6时,铀吸附量可达122mg.g^-1,但吸附体系中硼酸和硫酸镁的存在导致铀吸附量下降。     

Abiotic control on the dissipation of chlorpyrifos spiked in an Udic Ferrisol at a lower dosage

The dissipation routes of chlorpyrifos spiked in an Udic Ferrisol at the dosage of 400 ng g^?1, which represents a residual level after an agricultural application, were studied in a laboratory, using the natural soil under three moisture regimes, sterilised, and organic matter-free soils in the dark at 20°C. The obtained results showed that higher soil moisture caused faster dissipation, and the abiotic and biotic contributions to the total dissipated amount of the applied chlorpyrifos in the soil accounted for 77.3–85.2% and 14.7–22.7%, respectively. In the sterilised soil, the contribution of organic matter to chlorpyrifos dissipation was noticed to account for 95% in the earlier two weeks, and was nearly equal to that of soil minerals two weeks after the incubation.     

离子强度、pH对土壤胶体释放、分配沉积行为的影响

采用重力沉降法,根据司笃克斯(Stokes,1945)定律结合分速离心法提取两种粒径等级的自然土壤胶体样品.利用美国EPA批处理实验方法,进行一系列实验室静态吸附、解吸实验,并获取相应的动力学解离/沉积曲线以及热力学等温平衡解吸/吸附曲线.通过对土壤胶体释放/沉积速率、解离效率和解吸因数等行为因子的定量解析,描述自然土壤胶体的释放、稳定、沉积/分配动力学和热力学行为,考察土壤水溶液pH/离子强度、胶体粒径因素对土壤胶体释放、分配沉积行为的影响.实验结果表明,环境溶液pH的增大及离子强度的减小对土壤胶体的稳定和释放起促进作用,但对胶体向土壤颗粒中的沉积过程是不利的.pH和离子强度条件能够改变土壤胶体表面带电荷状态,改变土壤胶体与土壤介质表面吸附排斥作用力的大小,提高或降低土壤胶体与介质表面的碰撞接触效率,从而表现出土壤胶体在土壤介质中的沉积分配行为上的变化.粒径大小对土壤胶体的释放沉积行为影响明显.大粒径土壤胶体颗粒较小粒径颗粒更容易向土壤介质表面分配沉积.由此可知,土壤介质对土壤胶体持有和吸附的能力是与胶体颗粒粒径大小密切相关的,这主要是因为颗粒粒径大小能够有效的影响胶体颗粒与介质表面间的反应能量.土壤胶体沉积分配动力学曲线揭示,土壤胶体向土壤介质的分配过程是一个动态变化过程,土壤介质对土壤胶体的持留吸纳能力随时间而逐渐减弱.分配系数被证实是表征和分析土壤胶体沉积分配过程受环境物理化学因素影响的有效过程因子.     

稀有鮈鲫细胞凋亡相关基因的克隆及序列分析

细胞凋亡是调控机体发育和维护内环境稳定的重要机制。在克隆了稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)肝脏组织中凋亡相关的bcl-2、apaf-1、caspase-3和caspase-9基因的部分cDNA片段之后,进行了序列分析。结果表明,caspase-3和caspase-9基因片段与唐鱼(Tanichthys albonubes)相对应的核苷酸序列同源性最高,而bcl-2、apaf-1基因片段则分别与鮈鱼(Gobio gobio)和鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)相对应的核苷酸序列同源性最高,为99%和89%。基于稀有鮈鲫和已知物种的caspase-3基因核苷酸序列构建了系统发育树,发现稀有鮈鲫与唐鱼、斑马鱼(Danio rerio)的亲缘关系最近,而与金头鲷(Sparus aurata)、红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)的亲缘关系较远。本研究为深入理解外源性化学物质对鱼类的毒理学机制及其生态健康风险评价提供科学数据,同时也为稀有鮈鲫在鲤科鱼类的分类及进化地位的研究提供分子水平的重要参考。     

长期定位施肥对土壤生理转化菌群的影响

针对哈尔滨黑土28 a长期定位施肥现状进行土壤生理转化菌群测试分析,采用稀释平板法和MPN法测定不同施肥处理土壤的微生物各生理群的数量.结果表明:施肥处理的土壤微生物多样性指数最高,微生物种类多,群落结构较复杂,同不施肥处理之间的土壤微生物群落结构组成存在显著差异.     

基于PBPK模型评价三氯乙烯的职业暴露健康风险

三氯乙烯(TCE)作为脱脂和清洗剂被广泛应用于五金、电镀和电子等行业。TCE的职业暴露会产生一系列健康风险,包括过敏症和致癌等。2012年TCE被美国环保局(US EPA)和国际癌症研究机构列为1类致癌物。采用吸附管采样-热脱附/气相色谱-质谱法分析了大连市某企业车间生产工况下空气中TCE浓度。基于生理学的药代动力学(PBPK)模型预测了呼吸暴露途径下TCE在职业工人体内组织中的动态分布、代谢产物生成情况和致癌风险。TCE在不同组织中预测的最大浓度呈现出脂肪肠充分灌注室支气管非充分灌注室肝脏静脉血动脉血的趋势。预测的与致癌有关的代谢产物最大浓度表现为三氯乙酸二氯乙酸三氯乙醛S-二氯乙烯基-L-半胱氨酸。在监测的TCE水平(39.2±24.4)μg·m-3下,暴露8 h·d-1,连续暴露20年,基于外暴露评价的职业工人致癌风险均值为1.31×10-5,该暴露水平下,基于PBPK模型预测的TCE内暴露与外暴露计算的致癌风险水平相近,但基于具有致癌性主要代谢产物的内暴露致癌风险值是外暴露风险值的1.17～1.73倍。TCE的暴露水平越高,基于内暴露方法和外暴露方法的致癌风险评价结果差异越大。敏感性分析表明,心输出血流量和充分灌注室血流量对PBPK模型输出结果具有重要影响。不确定性分析表明,模型参数变化会显著地影响PBPK模型输出结果,但变异在可接受水平。本研究结果说明,评价TCE暴露对人的致癌风险需要考虑其在体内的分布和代谢过程。     

重组人核糖核酸酶抑制因子基因的siRNA表达载体构建及B16细胞中基因沉默的鉴定

人核糖核酸酶抑制因子(Human ribonuclease inhibitor, hRI)是细胞质中的一种酸性糖蛋白,可以与血管生长因子(Angiogenin, Ang)紧密结合从而抑制血管形成.利用全基因组合成法合成针对人核糖核酸酶抑制因子基因(hri)的发夹shRNA序列,亚克隆到siRNA表达载体pKD;重组载体经酶切鉴定后,用脂质体法与报告基因绿色荧光蛋白重组融合的人核糖核酸酶抑制因子的逆转录病毒载体pLNCX-EGFP-C1-hri共转染到小鼠黑色素瘤细胞B16中,在荧光显微镜下检测干扰效果.用Image-Pro plus 4.5软件对绿色荧光照片半定量分析干扰效率.结果表明,荧光显微镜显示B16中表达的绿色荧光被干扰,荧光强度半定量分析干扰效率可达80%以上.成功重组构建了针对hri的siRNA表达载体.图5参9     

Characteristics of plankton Hg bioaccumulations based on a global data set and the implications for aquatic systems with aggravating nutrient imbalance

• Hg bioaccumulation by phytoplankton varies among aquatic ecosystems. • Active Hg uptake may exist for the phytoplankton in aquatic ecosystems. • Impacts of nutrient imbalance on food chain Hg transfer should be addressed. The bioaccumulation of mercury (Hg) in aquatic ecosystem poses a potential health risk to human being and aquatic organism. Bioaccumulations by plankton represent a crucial process of Hg transfer from water to aquatic food chain. However, the current understanding of major factors affecting Hg accumulation by plankton is inadequate. In this study, a data set of 89 aquatic ecosystems worldwide, including inland water, nearshore water and open sea, was established. Key factors influencing plankton Hg bioaccumulation (i.e., plankton species, cell sizes and biomasses) were discussed. The results indicated that total Hg (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in plankton in inland waters were significantly higher than those in nearshore waters and open seas. Bioaccumulation factors for the logarithm of THg and MeHg of phytoplankton were 2.4–6.0 and 2.6–6.7 L/kg, respectively, in all aquatic ecosystems. They could be further biomagnified by a factor of 2.1–15.1 and 5.3–28.2 from phytoplankton to zooplankton. Higher MeHg concentrations were observed with the increases of cell size for both phyto- and zooplankton. A contrasting trend was observed between the plankton biomasses and BAF_MeHg, with a positive relationship for zooplankton and a negative relationship for phytoplankton. Plankton physiologic traits impose constraints on the rates of nutrients and contaminants obtaining process from water. Nowadays, many aquatic ecosystems are facing rapid shifts in nutrient compositions. We suggested that these potential influences on the growth and composition of plankton should be incorporated in future aquatic Hg modeling and ecological risk assessments.     

美国水环境质量报告及对中国的启示

中国和美国对水环境质量的评价方法有本质不同,因此得出的评估结论有十分显著的差别。所谓“他山之石可以攻玉”,了解其他国家水环境质量评价方法、评价指标和评价结论并与我们目前的评价框架结构和结论进行比较,有助于我们认清形势、发现差距、适当调整水环境/水生态保护策略。
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