Short-term field observations of nitrous oxide saturations in Lake Taihu, China: the need for high temporal resolution studies

The incomplete understanding of the processes which control aquatic nitrous oxide (N2O) production is partially due to a lack of onsite data with which to describe the temporal resolution of N2O production. To help resolve this, we directly measured the N2O saturation (relative to atmospheric partial pressure) on an hourly basis over two survey periods (July and September 2003) in Lake Taihu, a large eutrophic lake in eastern China. July N2O saturations displayed a distinct diurnal pattern, opposite to those observed by others in subtropical streams, but similar to N2O emissions observed from incubated estuarine sediments. Correlative analyses indicate that biogeochemical processes operate as important controls on N2O production over very short time scales. Nitrous oxide production processes are not only regulated by O2 dynamics related to microalgal photosynthesis, but also closely related to organic matter decay at the sediment-water interface. While large-scale changes (approximately 25-fold) in N2O fluxes in Lake Taihu are a function of variable N loading, biogeochemical processes concerning O2 and N transformation at the sediment-water interface have significant (-twofold) impacts on the regulation of N2O production over very short time scales. Further, high temporal resolution research focused on developing a comprehensive understanding of lacustrine N2O production, including natural and anthropogenic loading and biogeochemical transformation processes, is clearly needed.     

燃煤工业锅炉减排NO_x研究分析

通过对我国燃煤工业锅炉NOx排放、污染现状和国内外控制技术进行分析,提出燃煤工业锅炉NOx控制对策和措施,并提出低氮燃烧是降低NOx排放的最经济技术。     

氯化钙改性凹凸棒处理亚甲基蓝废水的研究

采用氯化钙改性凹凸棒,并对其进行了透射电镜、红外光谱分析。用改性后的凹凸棒泥浆处理亚甲基蓝废水,讨论了动力学和热力学吸附性质。结果表明:(1)利用氯化钙改性凹凸棒,泥浆粘度在21Pa.s条件下对亚甲基蓝废水的吸附动力学和热力学性质进行了研究。在研究范围内,改性凹凸棒泥浆对亚甲基蓝的吸附符合准二级反应动力学方程,并且Langmuir等温方程能更好地描述吸附过程。(2)改性凹凸棒泥浆对亚甲基蓝的平衡吸附量随亚甲基蓝初始浓度的增加而增大,随pH的增大而减小。(3)改性凹凸棒泥浆对亚甲基蓝主要以表面吸附为主。ΔG00、ΔH00表明吸附过程可以自发进行,并且为放热反应。ΔS00意味着随温度的增加,改性凹凸棒泥浆对亚甲基蓝的吸附趋于有序性。     

三维与二维电解工艺处理丙烯腈废水的效果比较

采用三维电解工艺和二维电解工艺处理高浓度丙烯腈废水。实验结果表明:三维电解工艺对COD、TOC、TN和总凯氏氮(TKN)的去除率分别为45.32%、59.55%、61.42%和59.24%,二维电解工艺对COD、TOC、TN和TKN的去除率分别为32.65%、43.53%、46.04%和46.08%;三维电解工艺去除单位COD的能耗为2.72 kW·h/kg,二维电解工艺为1.52 kW·h/kg;三维电解工艺和二维电解工艺的出水BOD_5/COD分别由原水的0.14提高至0.38和0.29。三维电解工艺具有较高的去除率,但能耗也较高。在实际应用中可根据具体情况选择所采用的工艺。     

石油炼化企业烟气脱硫技术研究进展

石油炼化企业由于烟气特点、排放特征和减排设施的差别,导致了各炼化企业所采用的烟气脱硫技术的差别较大,尚无成熟、有效、经济的烟气脱硫技术,各炼化企业需要采用的二氧化硫减排技术差别也较大,选用适合炼化企业烟气脱硫的可行工艺技术具有重要现实意义。综合分析了目前国内外已工业化应用的主要烟气脱硫工艺、原理、技术的优缺点以及石油炼化企业烟气脱硫技术的发展趋势,为石油炼化企业烟气脱硫技术研究提供了借鉴和参考依据,并对石油炼化企业未来烟气脱硫技术的研究和选用提出了建议。     

油田含油污水高级氧化技术研究

以气浮—过滤预处理后的污水为处理对象,通过臭氧氧化与Fenton氧化两种方法处理油田含油污水。经实验验证:Fenton在pH为4,H2O2初始浓度为0.08mol/L,Fe2+与H2O2的摩尔比为1:10,H2O2与CODCr的质量比为1:1,反应时间为60min的条件下,去除率达54.3%(CODCr100mg/L),可达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》二级标准。     

A review of neurotoxicity of microcystins

Cyanobacterial blooms-produced microcystins are secondary metabolites which can accumulate in the food chain and contaminate water, thus posing a potential threat to the health of aquatic animals and even humans. Microcystin toxicity affects not only the liver but also the other organs, i.e., the brain. The serious neurotoxicity effects caused by microcystins then lead to various symptoms. This review focuses on the neurotoxicity of microcystins. Microcystins can cross blood-brain barrier with the transport of Oatps/OATPs, causing neurostructural, functional, and behavioral changes. In this review, potential uptake mechanisms and neurotoxicity mechanisms are summarized, including neurotransmissions, neurochannels, signal transduction, oxidative stress, and cytoskeleton disruption. However, further researches are needed for detailed studies on signaling pathways and the downstream pathways of neurotoxicity of microcystins.     

酒精污泥干燥特性及数学模型

用红外干燥方法对酒精污泥进行干燥实验,研究了干燥温度和污泥厚度对水分蒸发速率、干燥速率及体积变化率的影响。实验表明,恒速干燥段的干燥速率仅与干燥温度有关;临界湿含量随污泥厚度增加而升高,随干燥温度的升高而下降;污泥体积在恒速干燥段收缩速度较快,在降速干燥段仍有微小的变化。对污泥干燥特性曲线进行分析,建立了恒速干燥段及降速干燥段的干燥模型,并将模型预测与实验结果进行了对比,误差较小。     

填埋垃圾中TOC含量的测定方法优化

垃圾的TOC含量是评价垃圾矿质腐殖化机理研究的重要指标,以本课题组模拟垃圾填埋系统中的垃圾样品为研究对象,以土壤TOC测定方法为基础,通过单因素实验和正交实验(L25(56))对垃圾样品的TOC的测定方法进行优化。结果表明,TOC测定优化条件为:风干样品(0.1±0.0005)g,Ag2SO40.075 g,0.4 mol/L(1/6K2Cr2O7)-H2SO4溶液(含1/2H2SO412.6 mol/L)10 mL,180℃的砂浴加热45 min。此条件下,RSD小于3.23%,表明该方法精密度高,可行性强。     

混合添加剂对PVDF平板疏水膜结构及性能的影响

以不同添加剂采用浸没沉淀相转换法制备基于无纺布支撑的聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)平板疏水膜,考察了不同添加剂的加入对膜性能与结构的影响;并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、原子力学显微镜(AFM)、红外光谱(FTIR)、接触角测量及膜蒸馏实验等对疏水膜的结构及性能进行表征。结果表明,引入混合型添加剂制备的膜具有较高通量和盐截留率,其疏水性最强,而添加剂对聚合物的晶型影响较小。以35 g/L的NaCl盐溶液为进料液对制备的平板膜进行直接接触式膜蒸馏实验,在热侧进水温度为50℃、冷侧温度为20℃的条件下,所制备的疏水膜通量最高可达12.45 kg/(m2.h),截留率为99.99%。