二氧化钛/碳纳米管/壳聚糖薄膜的制备及对苯的降解性能

研究了光催化降解挥发性有机化合物过程中催化剂二氧化钛/碳纳米管/壳聚糖薄膜的制备以及该催化剂对苯的光催化性能。首先采用溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米复合材料二氧化钛/碳纳米管,然后利用壳聚糖作为交联剂,制得二氧化钛/碳纳米管/壳聚糖复合材料催化薄膜。通过傅立叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)透射电镜扫描(TEM)和紫外-可见光漫反射(UV-Vis)等技术分析了复合材料薄膜的组成、结构、形貌和对光的吸收性能,然后使用该催化剂对室内常见的污染物苯进行降解,并在同样的实验条件下,使用催化剂二氧化钛(P25)/壳聚糖对苯进行降解,对两者催化性能进行对比,结果表明,二氧化钛/碳纳米管/壳聚糖对苯有更强的吸附能力和更高的催化活性。     

CaCl2高温热处理垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的挥发特性

以深圳市某垃圾焚烧厂飞灰为原料,采用高温管式电阻炉,研究了在0．6L／minN,气氛下,CaCl2在不同添加量、处理温度及处理时间下对飞灰中重金属Pb、Cd、Zn和Cu挥发特性的影响,并对收集到的二次飞灰进行成分及物相分析。结果显示,X射线衍射仪和EDS分析表明,二次飞灰主要是由NaCl、KCl和部分SiCl4组成,zn主要以K2ZnCl4形式挥发,而Pb则主要以氧化物PbO和Pb3SiO5的形式挥发。最终得到CaCl2热处理飞灰的最佳二次气化条件：以0．6L／minN,为载气,添加14wt％的CaCl2,在1100℃高温下处理2．5h。经CaCl2热处理后的剩余飞灰,其浸出毒性达到了《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》要求。     

炭化柚子皮对废水中双酚A的吸附

采用磷酸二氢钾活化原材料柚子皮,分别在300℃和600℃对活化后柚子皮进行炭化,制得吸附剂（CC300和CC600）,通过静态吸附实验研究了炭化柚子皮对双酚A的吸附性能。采用比表面积分析仪对炭化柚子皮进行表征,实验考察了pH值、吸附时间和温度对双酚A吸附的影响,并详细研究了炭化柚子皮对双酚A的吸附行为和机理。结果表明,高温炭化柚子皮（CC600）吸附双酚A能力比低温炭化（CC300）的强,其吸附较好地满足Langmuir和Freundlich等温方程;动力学研究表明,其吸附速率快,在150min内能达到吸附平衡,准二级动力学模型较好地描述该吸附行为,相关系数高达0．99：计算了热力学参数△G、△H和△S的值,△G为负值,说明该吸附过程为自发过程。     

碳纳米管/二氧化钛/壳聚糖催化薄膜光催化活性及苯降解机理

通过X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)和紫外可见光漫反射谱(UV-vis)对碳纳米管/二氧化钛/壳聚糖复合薄膜的晶体结构和形貌进行表征,以室内空气典型污染物气相苯为模型反应物,研究碳纳米管/二氧化钛/壳聚糖催化薄膜的光催化活性及其对苯的光降解机理。结果表明,制备的碳纳米管/二氧化钛/壳聚糖催化薄膜所具有的良好催化活性归功于碳纳米管、二氧化钛和壳聚糖三者的协调效应;气相苯光降解产生的主要中间产物是乙酸乙酯和十一烷,以及少量的丙烯醛、4-羰基-甲基-苯乙酮、十二烷烃、2,4,-二叔丁基苯酚、二十一烷烃。根据红外光谱分析与GC/MS分析结果,进一步提出了气相苯的降解机理过程。     

鸟粪石循环利用处理高氨氮废水的热解行为

为了循环利用鸟粪石处理高氨氮废水,探讨了鸟粪石煅烧与加碱热解的脱氮率,利用电镜扫描(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)对2种热解产物进行了分析。鸟粪石煅烧条件为:温度100～225℃,时间1～5 h;加碱热解条件为:温度60～95℃,时间0.5～4 h,加碱量OH-∶NH4+摩尔比值0.4～1.5。结果表明,虽然XRD分析显示2种热解产物都已失去鸟粪石的特征峰,但是鸟粪石加碱热解效果更好,最佳热解条件为:加碱量OH-∶NH4+摩尔比值1,温度90℃,时间2 h,鸟粪石脱氮率95%以上;加碱热解产物表面为多孔状,完全失去了晶体结构;煅烧热解鸟粪石脱氮率仅为80%左右,热解产物晶体结构破坏不完全。鸟粪石在最佳条件下热解循环处理高氨氮废水,可循环使用6次,氨氮去除率80%以上,出水磷浓度小于8 mg/L。     

醇对柴油微乳体系性能的影响

采用AOT为表面活性剂,不同碳链长度正构醇为助表面活性剂,通过稀释法制备了AOT/柴油/正构醇/水微乳体系。考察了醇与表面活性剂的质量比(r)和正构醇的碳链长度对柴油微乳体系的影响,对不同条件下制备的微乳体系的电导率(δ)、界面张力(γ)及运动粘度(μ)进行了表征。结果表明,采用正丁醇时,微乳体系会出现渗滤现象。采用其他醇时,微乳体系的最大增溶水量(W0)随碳链长度增加而减小,随r增大先增大后减小;随增溶水量(W)增加,δ增大直至达到稳定,γ减小,μ增大;随醇碳链长度增大,δ减小,γ、μ增大;随r增大,δ增大,γ、μ减小。采用正戊醇(r=0.4)时,微乳体系的W0最大,γ、μ均较小,柴油微乳液体系的性能较佳。     

CaCl2高温热处理垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的挥发特性

以深圳市某垃圾焚烧厂飞灰为原料,采用高温管式电阻炉,研究了在0.6 L/min N₂气氛下,CaCl₂在不同添加量、处理温度及处理时间下对飞灰中重金属Pb、Cd、Zn和Cu挥发特性的影响,并对收集到的二次飞灰进行成分及物相分析。结果显示,X射线衍射仪和EDS分析表明,二次飞灰主要是由NaCl、KCl和部分SiCl₄组成,Zn主要以K₂ZnCl₄形式挥发,而Pb则主要以氧化物PbO和Pb₃SiO₅的形式挥发。最终得到CaCl₂热处理飞灰的最佳二次气化条件:以0.6 L/min N₂为载气,添加14 wt%的CaCl₂,在1 100℃高温下处理2.5 h。经CaCl₂热处理后的剩余飞灰,其浸出毒性达到了《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》要求。     

Mn的氧化价态对Mn/γ-Al2O3催化剂催化臭氧氧化气相低浓度甲苯的影响

采用共沉淀法,以Al₂O₃为载体制备Mn/γ-Al₂O₃和Mn-Ce/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,并分别在N₂气氛和O₂气氛下焙烧。采用固定床连续流动反应器,研究所制备催化剂在室温条件下催化臭氧氧化甲苯的性能。通过XRD、XPS和FTIR等手段对催化剂的结构和组成进行表征。结果表明,Mn/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂具有良好的催化臭氧氧化甲苯和催化臭氧自身分解的性能,共沉淀法制备催化剂的最佳Mn负载量为20%。O₂气氛焙烧和Ce的加入,可以有效提高催化剂的活性和寿命。原因是O₂气氛焙烧和Ce的加入可以提高Mn的氧化价态。催化剂失活的主要原因是有机副产物在催化剂表面吸附堆积,失活催化剂在550℃、空气气氛下焙烧可恢复催化性能。     

Effects of submerged macrophytes on the abundance and community composition of ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes in a eutrophic lake

Abundances and community compositions of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in unvegetated sediment and the rhizosphere sediments of three submerged macrophytes (Ceratophyllum demersum, Vallisneria spinulosa, and Potamogeton crispus) were investigated in a large, eutrophic freshwater lake, Lake Taihu. Abundances of archaeal ammonia monooxygenase alpha-subunit (amoA) gene (from 6.56?×?10⁶ copies to 1.06?×?10⁷ copies per gram of dry sediment) were higher than those of bacterial amoA (from 6.13?×?10⁵ to 3.21?×?10⁶ copies per gram of dry sediment) in all samples. Submerged macrophytes exhibited no significant effect on the abundance and diversity of archaeal amoA gene. C. demersum and V. spinulosa increased the abundance and diversity of bacterial amoA gene in their rhizosphere sediment. However, the diversity of bacterial amoA gene in the rhizosphere sediments of P. crispus was decreased. The data obtained in this study would be helpful to elucidate the roles of submerged macrophytes involved in the nitrogen cycling of eutrophic lake ecosystems.     

Field controlled experiments on the physiological responses of maize (Zea mays L.) leaves to low-level air and soil mercury exposures

Thousands of tons of mercury (Hg) are released from anthropogenic and natural sources to the atmosphere in a gaseous elemental form per year, yet little is known regarding the influence of airborne Hg on the physiological activities of plant leaves. In the present study, the effects of low-level air and soil Hg exposures on the gas exchange parameters of maize (Zea mays L.) leaves and their accumulation of Hg, proline, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were examined via field open-top chamber and Hg-enriched soil experiments, respectively. Low-level air Hg exposures (<50 ng m^?3) had little effects on the gas exchange parameters of maize leaves during most of the daytime (p?>?0.05). However, both the net photosynthesis rate and carboxylation efficiency of maize leaves exposed to 50 ng m^?3 air Hg were significantly lower than those exposed to 2 ng m^?3 air Hg in late morning (p?<?0.05). Additionally, the Hg, proline, and MDA concentrations in maize leaves exposed to 20 and 50 ng m^?3 air Hg were significantly higher than those exposed to 2 ng m^?3 air Hg (p?<?0.05). These results indicated that the increase in airborne Hg potentially damaged functional photosynthetic apparatus in plant leaves, inducing free proline accumulation and membrane lipid peroxidation. Due to minor translocation of soil Hg to the leaves, low-level soil Hg exposures (<1,000 ng g^?1) had no significant influences on the gas exchange parameters, or the Hg, proline, and MDA concentrations in maize leaves (p?>?0.05). Compared to soil Hg, airborne Hg easily caused physiological stress to plant leaves. The effects of increasing atmospheric Hg concentration on plant physiology should be of concern.