固体吸附剂控制燃煤重金属排放的实验研究

在滴管炉上进行了烟煤添加固体吸附剂的燃烧实验研究了硫酸钙、石灰石、铝土矿3种吸附剂对重金属元素Pb、Cd、Cu、Co、Ni排放的控制,并采用形态逐级提取法,将排放颗粒物中重金属分为吸附态、离子可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、硫酸盐结合态和残渣态从粗粒灰渣及细微粒子中重金属元素含量的分布和细微粒子中残渣态稳定形态含量增加2个方面说明添加吸附剂对煤中重金属的排放具有一定的捕获力.对不同的重金属,由于吸附剂本身物理化学特性的差异,所表现出的吸附能力也各不相同.硫酸钙对Pb、Cd、Cu的排放有控制作用;石灰石对Pb、Cd、Cu、Nj的排放有控制作用;铝土矿对5种重金属元素的排放都有控制作用吸附剂粒径越小,对重金属的吸附效果越好.     

Composition of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in five wetland plants and sediments from the Pearl River estuary,South China

This study sampled five plant species and adjoining sediments from the Qi’ao (Zhuhai) and Nansha (Guangzhou) coastal wetlands located in the Pearl River estuary, South China. The compositions of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes as well as the content of carbon and nitrogen in the samples were analysed. Differences in carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio, and habitat feature were compared between exotic plants (Spartina alterniflora, Sonneratia apetala, and Laguncularia racemosa) and native mangroves (Aegiceras corniculatum and Acrostichum aureum). The results showed that for Qi’ao, which is nearer the sea, the conductivity of the sediments at this location was approximately two times higher than that at Nansha (more inland). The composition of both δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N in sediments was also higher at Qi’ao (?26.52‰ to ?23.83‰ and 6.25‰ to 11.53‰, respectively) as compared to Nansha (?29.30‰ to ?27.43‰ and 3.34‰ to 4.73‰, respectively). Overall, the exotic plants S. alterniflora and S. apetala at Qi’ao and S. apetala and L. racemosa at Nansha had an average δ¹⁵N composition significantly higher than that of the native plants A. corniculatum and A. aureum. This suggests that the three exotic plants employ a different mechanism of δ¹⁵N storage and utilisation as compared to the two native mangrove species, which may result in changes in ecological and biogeochemical processes in these coast wetlands.     

An integrated model for structure optimization and technology screening of urban wastewater systems

The conventional approach to wastewater system design and planning considers each component separately and does not provide the optimum performance of the entire system. However, the growing concern for environmental protection, economic efficiency, and sustainability of urban wastewater systems requires an integrated modeling of subsystems and a synthetic evaluation of multiple objectives. In this study, a multi-objective optimization model of an integrated urban wastewater system was developed. The model encompasses subsystems, such as a sewer system, stormwater management, municipal wastewater treatment, and a wastewater reclamation system. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) was used to generate a range of system design possibilities to optimize conflicting environmental and economic objectives. Information from a knowledge base, which included rules for generating treatment trains as well as the performance characteristics of commonly used water pollution control measures, was utilized. The trade-off relationships between the objectives, total water pollution loads to the environment, and life cycle costs (which consist of investment as well as operation and maintenance costs), can be illustrated using Pareto charts. The developed model can be used to assist decision makers in the preliminary planning of system structure. A benchmark city was constructed to illustrate the methods of multi-objective controls, highlight cost-effective water pollution control measures, and identify the main pressures on urban water environment.     

标准化测试种子发芽和根伸长毒性试验的基质应用研究

种子发芽和根伸长毒性试验是研究和评价新化学物质对陆生生物危害性的重要手段之一。为探究在标准化测试中能否使用非推荐基质,以及使用推荐基质时能否用灭菌法替代酸洗法处理石英砂,选取8种植物种子在5种基质中进行试验。结果表明,不同基质对种子发芽率的影响较小,但基质较低的养分含量和特殊的物理结构易对部分种子根长形成胁迫,甚至直接制约根系发育。生菜、水稻在5种基质中的发芽率和根长无显著性差异;绿豆、甘蓝、西瓜在酸洗石英砂中的根长分别为25.1、24.5、29.0 mm,在其余4种基质中根长显著缩短;青瓜在吸水纸和发芽纸中发芽率偏低,仅为83.3%;玉米在酸洗石英砂和灭菌石英砂中的发芽率和根长无明显差异,为100%/45.7 mm和93.3%/44.8 mm,其他基质中显著偏低。标准化测试条件下,以推荐的酸洗石英砂上各种子的发芽率和根长为评判依据,生菜和水稻试验可使用本研究中任意基质,绿豆、甘蓝和西瓜试验仅可使用酸洗石英砂作为基质,青瓜和玉米试验可使用干热灭菌法替代酸洗法处理石英砂,并且青瓜试验还可使用滤纸基质。以上结果为测试机构在工作实践中优化试验条件提供理论依据。     

不同裂隙形式类岩体单轴压缩破坏特征研究

采用水泥砂浆制作具有不同倾角、不同裂隙形式和不同岩桥间距的预制裂隙类岩体试样,开展单轴压缩试验。基于滑动裂纹理论,分析在单轴压缩作用下类岩体破坏受力特征和破坏形式。结果表明:裂隙形式、裂隙倾角和岩桥长度等参数变化对试样强度和破坏形式有较大影响,且在不同破坏模式中起主要作用的控制性参数不一样;对于不同倾角的单裂隙和平行双裂隙试样在单轴压缩破坏形式基本类似,当倾角在0°~90°变化时,它们的峰值强度随倾角的变化趋势呈下凹型,当岩桥倾角为45°时试样的峰值强度最低;对于不同岩桥长度不共面断续裂隙试样,试样的抗压强度会随着岩桥长度的增大而逐渐增大,而对于共面断续裂隙试样裂隙岩桥长度为20 mm左右时最容易被破坏     

基于危险的事故场景及其形式化描述

事故场景的鉴别是复杂装备系统安全风险分析的基础,其完备性直接影响风险评估的有效性,因为任何事故场景的遗漏即意味着设计上可能存在潜在的事故隐患。提出从鉴别系统危险出发。建立危险与其原因(关联引发事件)、事件与系统要素以及系统各要素之间的映射关系,通过对这些关系的运算来获取事故场景的新方法并给出其形式化表述,以期在理论上确保事故场景鉴别的完备性。     

深圳市分流制排水系统研究

完全的理想分流制排水体系事实上并不存在,深圳市原来按分流制规划和建设的雨水系统现在实际上已变成了混流制合流系统,即既有分流制,也有合流制,这是与城市发展的不同时期相联系的。城市中由于各区域自然条件及建设情况的不同,因地制宜地在各区域采用不同的排水体制是合理的。     

培养基对大型溞(Daphnia magna)生长、繁殖和子代的影响

大型溞(Daphnia magna)急性活动抑制试验和繁殖试验是研究和评价新化学物质对水生生物危害性的重要手段之一。由于经济合作与发展组织(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD)测试导则推荐的Elendt M4培养基中含有的乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)可能会影响金属离子的活性,不适合用于含有金属离子样品的毒理学测试。为选出合适的替代培养基,采用Elendt M4培养基、美国材料与试验协会(American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM)推荐的ASTM培养基和国际标准化组织(International Organization for Standardization, ISO)推荐的ISO培养基进行大型溞繁殖试验,并收集繁殖试验中亲溞产下的非头胎幼溞进行重铬酸钾的急性活动抑制试验。结果表明,3种培养基对大型溞的生长、存活均无抑制作用,ASTM培养基和ISO培养基中大型溞的繁殖量分别为111±10和70±13,显著低于Elendt M4培养基的132±4 (P 0.05)。3种培养基中大型溞的繁殖量均能满足OECD 211-2012大型溞繁殖试验标准中繁殖量大于60的要求,但在ISO培养基中有死胎出现。重铬酸钾对Elendt M4培养基、ASTM培养基和ISO培养基中繁殖幼溞的24 h半数效应浓度(24 h-EC_(50))值分别为1.29、1.84和0.772 mg·L~(-1),均在OECD 202-2004大型溞急性活动抑制试验标准要求的0.6～2.1 mg·L~(-1)范围内,说明3种培养基中繁殖的大型溞均能用于大型溞急性活动抑制试验的标准测试中。综上所述,进行含有金属离子样品的毒理测试时,ASTM培养基和ISO培养基均可用于大型溞的短期驯养和急性活动抑制试验,ASTM培养基还可以用于长期驯养和繁殖试验。以上结果为大型溞毒性试验中试验培养基的选择提供理论依据。     

加拿大一枝黄花纤维素的改性及其对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附

采用环氧氯丙烷和三甲胺对加拿大一枝黄花纤维素进行改性,改性后的加拿大一枝黄花纤维素对Cr(Ⅵ)具有一定的吸附作用.在改性加拿大一枝黄花纤维素加入量为3.2 g/L、吸附温度为40℃、吸附时间为240 min、溶液pH为2的条件下,对初始Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度为20 mg/L的K2Cr2O7溶液进行吸附实验,Cr(Ⅵ)吸附量可达5.69 mg/g,Cr(Ⅵ)去除率为91％.动力学研究结果表明,改性加拿大一枝黄花纤维素对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附以液膜扩散为控制步骤,反应过程符合Boyd液膜扩散方程,相关系数达到0.995 47.     

保险,减灾与发展之关联及对策

通过对保险公司经营方式的分析，阐述了近年来自然灾害大幅度止升对保险业稳定发展的影响以及保险公司在减灾防灾中拥有的信息，人员，管理以及工作方式等方面的优势，并对保险公司与社各界的合作领域及内容提出了自己的见解。