用改进法测定漳州沿海典型海水养殖区的挥发酚

海水中挥发酚制备时,磷酸的添加量对检测结果的准确性会有较大影响。本文通过改进挥发酚的蒸馏方法进行测定,得出比较准确的结果。同时对漳州沿海典型海水养殖区的挥发酚进行了检测。结果显示,各养殖区挥发酚的含量均在0．006～0．013mg／L之间,超过了《海水水质标准》（GB3097—1997）的第二类海水水质标准。     

固相萃取-气相色谱法测定地表水和底泥中硝基苯类化合物

采用固相萃取-气相色谱法测定地表水和底泥中9种硝基苯类化合物。方法在0mg／L—4.00mg／L范围内线性良好,硝基苯和间-二硝基苯的检出限为0.05mg／L（水样）和0.05mg／kg（底泥）,其余7种硝基苯类化合物的检出限为0.01mg／L（水样）和0.01mg／kg（底泥）,标准溶液平行测定的RSD≤6.5％,地表水和底泥加标回收率分别为85.1％—103％和78.4％—106％。     

CEMS比对监测相关问题探讨

简述了CEMS比对监测的定义及法规背景,指出比对监测在CEMS运营管理中起的重要作用,提出比对监测对采样工况、位置及时间的要求,以及烟气及烟尘测试中需注意事项。     

Determination of road dust loadings and chemical characteristics using resuspension

The contribution of fugitive dust from traffic to air pollution can no longer be ignored in China. In order to obtain the road dust loadings and to understand the chemical characteristics of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 from typical road dust, different paved roads in eight districts of Beijing were selected for dust collection during the four seasons of 2005. Ninety-eight samples from 28 roads were obtained. The samples were resuspended using equipment assembled to simulate the rising process of road dust caused by the wind or wheels in order to obtain the PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 filter samples. The average road dust loading was 3.82 g m^− 2, with the highest of 24.22 g m^− 2 being in Hutongs in the rural–urban continuum during winter. The road dust loadings on higher-grade roads were lower than those on lower-grade roads. Attention should be paid to the pollution in the rural–urban continuum areas. The sums of element abundances measured were 16.17% and 18.50% for PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in road dust. The average abundances of OC and EC in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in road dust were 11.52%, 2.01% and 12.50%, 2.06%, respectively. The abundance of elements, water-soluble ions, and OC, EC in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 resuspended from road dust did not change greatly with seasons and road types. The soil dust, construction dust, dust emitted from burning coal, vehicle exhaust, and deposition of particles in the air were the main sources of road dust in Beijing. Affected by the application of snow-melting agents in Beijing during winter, the amount of Cl⁻ and Na⁺ was much higher during that time than in the other seasons. This will have a certain influence on roads, bridges, vegetations, and groundwater.     

Anthropogenic pollution and variability of manganese in alluvial sediments of the Yellow River,Ningxia, northwest China

Heavy metal pollution of sediments is a global concern and can be a serious problem in heavily industrialized parts of the world. Pollution by manganese is particularly common due to its ubiquitous natural occurrence, ease of mobilization, and extensive association with industry. In Ningxia, China, manganese pollution of Yellow River alluvial sediments was assessed by comparing manganese concentrations in 35 sediment samples with background values derived from similar sediments obtained at sites considered remote from potential sources of contamination. Natural background values of manganese were found to range from 192 to 323 mg/kg for surface sediments, and from 220 to 325 and 283 to 394 mg/kg for subsurface sediments at depths of 45–50 and 95–100 cm, respectively. In the study area, manganese content ranged from 565 to 1,363 mg/kg, indicating anthropogenic pollution extending to a depth of at least 1 m in the study area. All 35 samples were found to exceed the threshold effect concentration (TEC) of 460 mg/kg, below which adverse effects on sediment-dwelling organisms are not expected to occur, and one sample (T12) was found to exceed the probable effect concentration (PEC) of 1,100 mg/kg. PEC defines the threshold above which adverse effects are likely to be observed. Variogram analysis of the surface sediment manganese data revealed adherence to a Gaussian model, and ordinary kriging was used to generate a manganese distribution map. Analysis of the high nugget effect ratio indicates high, small-scale variations that are consistent with potential emissions from an adjacent electrolytic manganese plant.     

Environmental influence on coastal phytoplankton and zooplankton diversity: a multivariate statistical model analysis

In a marine ecosystem, the diversity of phytoplankton can influence the diversity of zooplankton, or vice versa, and both can be affected by the environmental factors. In this study, we used principal component analysis (PCA) to identify the major sources of influence on the coastal water near an industrial park, following by construction of structural equation model (SEM) to determine the direct and indirect effect of the factors on phytoplankton and zooplankton diversity. PCA results indicated that the coastal area was mainly affected by riverine discharge (represented by high PC factor loadings of transparency and turbidity) and seasonal change (represented by temperature). SEM further suggested that both riverine discharge and seasonal influences can directly affect phytoplankton diversity, but indirectly affected zooplankton diversity via changes in phytoplankton. Using PCA to determine the sources of influence followed by construction of SEM allowed us to understand the relative importance of the environmental factors, direct or indirect, on phytoplankton and zooplankton diversity. When environmental changes occur, a new SEM could be constructed using the same category of physical and biological data and then compared to the current model to verify whether the environmental changes were the cause of alterations in planktonic communities in the area.     

Composition, sources, and potential toxicology of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in agricultural soils in Liaoning, People’s Republic of China

Surface soil (0–20 cm) samples (n?=?143) were collected from vegetable, maize, and paddy farmland used for commercial crops in Liaoning, China. Sixteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) listed in US Environmental Protection Agency were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography using a fluorescence detector. The soil concentrations of the 16 PAH ranged from 50 to 3,309 ng/g with a mean of 388 ng/g. The highest concentration of total PAHs found in soil of the vegetable farmland was 448 ng/g in average, followed by maize and paddy with total PAHs of 391 and 331 ng/g, respectively. Generally, the low molecular weight PAHs were more predominant than the high molecular weight PAHs in most of the soils. The evaluation of soil PAH contamination based on the Canadian criterion indicated that only naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene were over the target values in several sampling sites. Isomer pair ratios and principal component analysis indicated that biomass and coal combustion were the main sources of PAHs in this area. And the average value of total B[a]Peq concentration in vegetable soils was higher than paddy and maize soils. We suggest that biomass burning should be abolished and commercial farming should be carried out far from the highways to ensure the safety of food products derived from commercial farming.     

洪泽湖硝基苯类化合物的污染特征

对洪泽湖水质、底泥及水生生物样品10种硝基苯类化合物的浓度进行了测定,水样中总硝基苯类化合物的含量在0.179~5.17μg/L,北部湖区和南部湖区的总硝基苯类化合物的浓度较高,其中成河北(S7)的浓度最高。底泥中的含量在0.137~4.50μg/kg,北部湖区及出湖口附近形成一个硝基苯类化合物的污染带,其中成河东(S6)的浓度最高。水生生物体内的总硝基苯含量按鲫鱼、白鱼、泥鳅、龙虾、河蚌、螺蛳依次升高。     

二乙氨基二硫代甲酸银试剂质量对测砷的影响

用简单合成了二乙氨基二硫代甲酸银试剂,并比较了自制和市售的二乙氨基二硫人 银对测砷的影响。结果表明,采用自制的二乙氨基二硫代甲酸银能大大降低试剂空白,提高方法的灵敏度和降低检出限,试剂质量明显优于市售产品。     

非分散红外线气体法测定生活垃圾填埋气中二氧化碳

采用非分散红外线气体法测定生活垃圾填埋气中的二氧化碳,介绍了填埋气监测井的设置及样品采集和测定方法,讨论了稀释倍数、配气方法和填埋气成分对测定的影响,经验证,方法准确度和精密度均符合要求。