Characteristics of atmospheric particles and heavy metals in winter in Chang-Zhu-Tan city clusters, China

To understand the pollution characteristics of atmospheric particles and heavy metals in winter in Chang-Zhu-Tan city clusters, China, total suspended particulate(TSP) and PM10samples were collected in cities of Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan from December 2011 to January 2012, and heavy metals of Cd, Pb, Cr, and As were analyzed. It shows that the average TSP concentration in Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan were(183 ± 73),(201 ± 84) and(190 ± 66) μg/m3respectively, and the average PM10 were(171 ± 82),(178 ± 65) and(179 ± 55) μg/m3respectively. The lowest TSP and PM10concentrations occurred at the background Shaping site of Changsha. The average ratio of ρ(PM10)/ρ(TSP) was 91.9%, ranging from 81.3% to 98.9%. Concerning heavy metals, in TSP samples, the concentration of Cr, As, Cd and Pb were 28.8–56.5, 18.1–76.3, 3.9–26.1 and 148.0–460.9 ng/m3, respectively, while in PM10samples, were 16.4–42.1, 15.5–67.9, 3.3–22.2 and 127.9–389.3 ng/m3, respectively. The enrichment factor of Cd was the highest, followed by Pb and As, while that of Cr was the lowest.     

Community structure and elevational diversity patterns of soil Acidobacteria

Acidobacteria is one of the most dominant and abundant phyla in soil,and was believed to have a wide range of metabolic and genetic functions. Relatively little is known about its community structure and elevational diversity patterns. We selected four elevation gradients from 1000 to 2800 m with typical vegetation types of the northern slope of Shennongjia Mountain in central China. The vegetation types were evergreen broadleaved forest,deciduous broadleaved forest,coniferous forest and sub-alpine shrubs. We analyzed the soil acidobacterial community composition,elevational patterns and the relationship between Acidobacteria subdivisions and soil enzyme activities by using the 16 S rRNA meta-sequencing technique and multivariate statistical analysis. The result found that 19 known subdivisions as well as an unclassified phylotype were presented in these forest sites,and Subdivision 6 has the highest number of detectable operational taxonomic units(OTUs). A significant single peak distribution pattern(P 0.05) between the OTU number and the elevation was observed. The Jaccard and Bray–Curtis index analysis showed that the soil Acidobacteria compositional similarity significantly decreased(P 0.01) with the increase in elevation distance. Mantel test analysis showed the most of the soil Acidobacteria subdivisions had the significant relationship(P 0.01) with different soil enzymes. Therefore,soil Acidobacteria may be involved in different ecosystem functions in global elemental cycles. Partial Mantel tests and CCA analysis showed that soil pH,soil temperature and plant diversity may be the key factors in shaping the soil Acidobacterial community structure.     

Characterization of extracellular polymeric substances in the biofilms of typical bacteria by the sulfur K-edge XANES spectroscopy

A combined approach of physicochemical extraction and sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure（XANES） spectroscopy was applied to characterize the extracellular polymeric substances（EPS） of typical bacterial biofilms in this study. Physicochemical analysis showed variation of the contents of DNA,polysaccharide and protein in different fractions of EPS in different mediums. The sulfur K-edge XANES analysis yielded a variety of spectra.Spectral fitting of the XANES spectra utilizing a large set of model compounds showed that there was more reduced sulfur in both LB-EPS（loosely bound EPS） and TB-EPS（tightly bound EPS） of all the biofilms in LB medium than in R2 A medium. More oxidized sulfur was identified in LB-EPS than that in TB-EPS,suggesting different niches and physiological heterogeneity in the biofilms. Our results suggested that the sulfur K-edge XANES can be a useful tool to analyze the sulfur speciation in EPS of biofilms.     

可再生胺类脱硫剂的选择研究

采用哌嗪等二元胺和二乙醇胺为吸收剂,对模拟烟气进行SO2的吸收解吸实验研究,筛选出性能优异的吸收剂,并考察添加剂H2 S O 4对其性能的影响。实验表明:可再生胺类吸收剂脱硫率可接近100%,二元胺吸收剂较醇胺的SO 2吸收量大、pH值随时间变化慢、首次解吸率高;羟乙基支链对胺类吸收剂的抗氧化能力、SO2吸收量和首次解吸率均有影响,环状二元胺比链状二元胺的抗氧化能力好、首次解吸率高;在N-(2-羟乙基)哌嗪溶液中添加硫酸构成N-(2-羟乙基)哌嗪/H 2S O 4脱硫体系后,脱硫率未受影响、SO2吸收量变小、首次解吸率显著提高,具有更好的循环使用性能。     

南京市黑臭河流水体中细菌多样性的研究

以南京市城南河为研究对象,分别提取上中下游的水体样本,分析水质中的氮、磷、COD等水质指标,并利用变性梯度凝胶电泳技术(DGGE)分析了城南河不同位置的细菌多样性。结果表明:城南河水体中的平均总氮为30.06 mg/L,总磷为6.14 mg/L,COD为42.03 mg/L,均超过国家V类水质标准。结合外观,城南河属于严重污染的典型黑臭河流。DGGE分析的结果表明:城南河具有较高的细菌多样性,优势菌群主要是变形菌门和拟杆菌门2大类群,且不同取样点细菌种类差别不大。     

循环经济工业园区规划环评研究

概括了循环经济工业园区规划环境影响评价的框架思路。归纳总结了规划环评的主要内容,并以山西省长治市襄垣富阳循环经济工业园区为例,对规划环评指标体系的构建进行探讨。     

重金属抗性解磷细菌的磷溶解特性研究

从湖南省湘西州花垣县的铅锌矿表层土壤中,筛选出两株具有重金属抗性和解磷特性的细菌T PSB1和T PSB2.通过16S rRNA基因序列比对,分别鉴定为嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia)和唐菖蒲伯克霍尔德菌(Burkholderia gladioli).T PSB1和T PSB2在含有难溶性无机磷液体培养基中,其上清液的可溶性磷含量最高分别达到了402.9 mg·L-1和589.9 mg·L-1;在难溶性有机磷固体和液体培养基中,固体平板上均出现解磷圈,而液体培养基上清液中,可溶性磷含量也分别达到了2.97 mg·L-1和4.69 mg·L-1.另外,两株细菌对重金属Zn2+的抗性最高,在其浓度为2000 mg·L-1固体和液体培养基条件下均可以生长,磷溶解浓度分别为114.8 mg·L-1和125.1 mg·L-1.而在含铬和铅的浓度为1 000 mg·L-1的液体培养基中,两株细菌同样表现出重金属抗性.在Pb2+浓度为1000 mg·L-1的液体培养基中,磷溶解浓度分别达到了57.9 mg·L-1和71.7 mg·L-1;而在Cr2+浓度为1000 mg·L-1的培养基中磷溶解浓度分别为60.1 mg·L-1和98.4 mg·L-1.     

磷回收对厌氧/好氧交替式生物滤池蓄磷/除磷的影响

为能提高生物除磷系统的除磷/回收磷效率,研究采用厌氧/好氧交替式生物滤池(AABF)处理低碳磷比废水,观察利用周期性扩增进水碳源进行磷回收时,生物滤池除磷效率及生物膜内微生物特性的变化.通过分析生物滤池除磷效率变化,生物膜多聚物染色、扫描电镜(SEM)观察以及荧光原位杂交(FISH)技术分析生物滤池系统实施周期性磷回收对生物膜内微生物菌群形态与组成的影响.结果发现,生物滤池在先后经历3次生物蓄磷-磷回收(PB-PR)的运行操作过程中,生物滤池除磷效率分别由磷回收前的60.3%、82.9%、86.6%提高到磷回收后的87.2%、91.2%、93.5%;生物滤池生物膜内优势菌群形态逐渐由大球菌演变为小球菌、杆菌与丝状菌;经过连续3个周期的PB-PR操作,生物滤池底部生物膜中聚磷菌所占比例由43%提高至70%;聚磷菌群在生物膜内混合菌群中的比例随着上流式生物滤池高度的增加而不断提高.结果表明,采用周期性的碳源扩增与回收磷的操作,可以提高生物滤池除磷效率;引起生物滤池生物膜内微生物菌群形态与组成发生变化,促进聚磷菌成为优势菌群.     

表面活性剂Burkholderia xenoborans LB400体系对低氯代PCBs的好氧强化降解

增强多氯联苯(PCBs)的水溶性是强化PCBs微生物降解的主要控制因素之一,本研究选取了PCB5(2,3-CB)和PCB31(2,4',5-CB)作为低氯代PCBs的典型代表,以曲拉通100(TX-100)、吐温80(Tween 80)、鼠李糖脂粗提物(RL crude)3种表面活性剂和β-环糊精( HPCD)联合Burkholderia xenoνorans LB400构建PCBs好氧降解体系,测试了它们对PCB5和PCB31的溶出率及微生物生长的影响.结果表明,TX-100(CMC＝194 mg·L-1)、 Tween 80(CMC＝13.1 mg·L-1)、 RL crude(CMC＝50 mg·L-1)浓度在1~7 CMC 时和 HPCD 浓度在500~1500 mg·L-1时对 PCB5和 PCB31溶出率分别达到54.7％~100％、59.8％~100％;10.5％~40.8％、6.8％~31.6％;10.3％~19.9％、3.3％~11.6％和19.5％~34.2％、4.2％~10.7％. TX-100浓度在1~7 CMC时对B. xenoνorans LB400生长的抑制率达到30.3％~45.8％,而Tween 80浓度在0.1~1 CMC时对其生长的抑制率为10.0％~15.4％; RL crude 本身能作为底物促进 LB400的生长,而 HPCD 对其生长无明显影响. B. xenoνorans LB400对PCB31(5 mg·L-1)的降解效率在添加表面活性剂后有不同程度的提高：TX-100,23.7％~65.5％; Tween 80,14.6％~44.3％;RL crude,9.6％~27.2％;HPCD,15.3％~20.7％;而表面活性剂对PCB5(10 mg·L-1)的降解效率则无明显影响.表面活性剂主要通过增大溶液中PCBs-表面活性剂的胶束浓度来提高LB400对PCBs的降解效率,在水溶液培养体系中当设置TX-100和Tween 80浓度分别在1和7 CMC时,PCB31的降解效率达到100％和81.7％,而此时B. xenoνorans LB400生长的抑制率为30.3％和5.4％.     

金山湖闸坝型水体表层沉积物重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

采集金山湖闸坝型水体表层沉积物,经HNO3-HF-HClO4消解后,通过电感耦合等离子质谱法(ICP)测定沉积物As、Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr等6种重金属含量,通过富集系数、地累积指数法、潜在生态风险评价以及溯源分析等对沉积物重金属的分布特征进行综合评价.结果表明:1金山湖表层沉积物As、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd的平均值分别为23.22、26.20、24.42、143.12、245.30、0.67 mg·kg-1,其中,Pb、Cu含量低于土壤环境质量标准一、二级标准,Zn、Cr含量介于土壤环境质量标准一级标准与二级标准之间,As、Cd含量均超过土壤环境质量标准一、二级标准;从空间分布来看,Pb和Zn在北固山广场的1号样点形成最高值,As、Cu、Cr、Cd的含量分别在镇润洲码头附近的12号样点、运粮河河口区域的3号样点、湖中靠近征润州岛的14号样点、春江潮与解放路泵站之间往湖中心处的7号样点处出现最高值.2富集系数表现为As>Cr>Cd>Pb>Zn>Cu,表明金山湖表层沉积物中As的富集量最大,Cu最小.3根据地累积指数判断,金山湖未受Cu的污染,Pb、Zn、Cd则为轻度污染,As、Cr表现为偏中度污染;46种重金属的单项潜在生态危害系数表现顺序为Cd>As>Cr>Pb>Cu>Zn,其中,Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn均为轻微生态危害程度,As和Cd处于中等生态危害程度;从全湖分布看,北固湾广场附近(1号样点)、春江潮与解放路泵站之间靠近岸边区域(6号样)、春江潮与解放路泵站之间往湖中心处(7号样点)以及镇润洲码头附近(12号样点)样点的潜在生态危害为中等,其余采样点均为轻微潜在生态危害;5主成分分析结果表明,金山湖沉积物重金属的差异除了受到各样点沉积物环境背景值的影响外,还与各采样点周围人为活动、外源污水排放等有密切关系.6本次研究中发现闸坝对金山湖沉积物重金属分布的影响不明确,该部分内容尚需进行长时间尺度的研究.