三峡库区澎溪河流域消落带土壤有机磷生物有效性研究

选取了澎溪河流域六个点位消落带土壤和岸边土壤,以NaOH-EDTA提取土壤中有机磷,并采用酶水解技术表征有机磷生物有效性。结果表明：①消落带土壤NaOH-EDTA提取液中总磷含量为74.55～140.54 mg/kg,无机磷含量为49.91～104.23 mg/kg,有机磷含量为14.61～36.31 mg/kg。消落带土壤有机磷含量低于岸边土壤。②消落带土壤有机磷中总可酶解有机磷（EHP）含量均值为6.23 mg/kg,占土壤有机磷含量的26.7%。消落带土壤EHP含量与有机磷含量呈极显著正相关（n=6,p<0.01）。③消落带土壤EHP含量、活性单酯磷含量与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关（n=6,p<0.01）,土壤有机质含量是影响有机磷生物有效性的重要因素。④消落带土壤与岸边土壤EHP组分特征相同,含量由高到低依次为类植酸磷、活性单酯磷、二酯磷,但消落带土壤EHP含量显著低于岸边土壤。周期性的干湿交替会造成消落带土壤有机磷向库区水体释放,消落带土壤有机磷地球化学循环对库区水体的潜在影响不容忽视。     

表面活性剂对地表水中微生物的毒性效应

研究了甜菜碱和石油磺酸盐表面活性剂对地表水中微生物的数量和代谢活性的影响,并基于菌群16S rRNA基因的高通量测序,比较分析了表面活性剂作用前后微生物群落结构的变化.结果表明,两种表面活性剂胁迫下微生物的生长活性均遵循低浓度促进、高浓度抑制的作用规律,表现出明显的浓度依赖性.与空白组相比,在1.5g/L的表面活性剂的作用下,微生物数量、蛋白质含量以及脱氢酶的活性均明显降低,且同浓度下的甜菜碱表现出更高的生物毒性;菌群多样性分析发现,肠杆菌属（Enterobacter）以高于75%的比例成为所有样本中的优势菌属,从各组来看石油磺酸盐可有效提高肠杆菌属（Enterobacter）的相对丰度,对假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）和根瘤菌属（Rhizobium）抑制作用显著;而甜菜碱则可明显增加假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）和寡养单胞菌属（Stenotrophomonas）的菌属比例,抑制肠杆菌属（Enterobacter）和根瘤菌属（Rhizobium）的繁殖;通过表面活性剂与纯种菌的作用发现,表面活性剂可通过扰乱细菌的生长周期、破坏细胞膜结构来干扰细胞的正常生理功能,从而使其活性降低甚至死亡.     

Soil contamination with antibiotics in a typical peri-urban area in eastern China: Seasonal variation, risk assessment, and microbial responses

The prevalence and persistence of antibiotics in soils has become an emerging environmental issue and an increasing threat to soil security and global public health. The problem is more severe in areas undergoing rapid urbanization; however, the ecological risks of antibiotics, seasonal variability, and associated soil microbial responses in peri-urban soils have not been well-explored. The seasonal soil sampling campaigns were conducted in a typical peri-urban watershed in eastern China to investigate distribution of antibiotics. The results demonstrated higher mean concentrations of most antibiotic compounds in winter than in summer in peri-urban soils. The seasonal variations of norfloxacin, enrofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin were more significant than those of other antibiotics, due to their higher migration ability and bioavailability. An ecological risk assessment demonstrated that chlortetracycline, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, and ofloxacin can pose high risks to soil microorganisms. Furthermore, the coexistence of multiple antibiotics obviously poses higher risks than individual compounds. A redundancy analysis demonstrated that tetracyclines mainly showed negative correlations with Firmicutes and Chloroflexi, and quinolones showed obviously negative correlations with Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Nitrospirae, suggesting potential inhibition from antibiotics on biological activities or biodegradation processes. However, the persistence of antibiotics in soil results in a significant decrease in bacterial diversity and a change in dominant species. Our results provide an overview of the seasonal variability of antibiotics and the associated effects on bacterial communities in peri-urban soils. The results can provide scientific guidance on decreasing soil contamination with antibiotics to enhance soil security in similar areas.     

Understanding the electrode reaction process of dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol over Ni/Fe nanoparticles: Effect of pH and 2,4-dichlorophenol concentration

Herein,with the exploitation of iron and nickel electrodes,the 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)dechlorinating processes at the anode and cathode,respectively,were separately studied via various electrochemical techniques(e.g.,Tafel polarization,linear polarization,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy).With this in mind,Ni/Fe nanoparticles were prepared by chemical solution deposition,and utilized to test the dechlorination activities of 2,4-DCP over a bimetallic system.For the iron anode,the results showed that higher 2,4-DCP concentration and solution acidity aggravated the corrosion within the electrode.The charge transfer resistance(R_(ct))values of the iron electrode were 703,473,444,and 437Ω·cm~2 for the initial 2,4-DCP concentrations of0,20,50,and 80 mg/L,respectively.When the bulk pH of the 2,4-DCP solution varied from 3.0,5.0to 7.0,the corresponding R_(ct) values were 315,376,and 444Ω·cm~2,respectively.For the nickel cathode,the reduction current densities on the electrode at-0.75 V(vs.saturated calomel electrode)were 80,106,and 111μA/cm~2,for initial 2,4-DCP concentrations of 40,80,and125 mg/L.The dechlorination experiments demonstrated that when the initial pH of the solution was 7.0,5.0,and 3.0,the dechlorination percentage of 2,4-DCP by Ni/Fe nanoparticles was 62%,69%,and 74%,respectively,which was in line with the electrochemical experiments.10 wt.%Ni loading into Ni/Fe bimetal was affordable and gave a good dechlorination efficiency of 2,4-DCP,and fortunately the Ni/Fe nanoparticles remained comparatively stable in the dechlorination processes at pH 3.0.     

以淀粉为模板多孔纳米氧化铈的制备及其催化性能研究

为获得多孔纳米CeO₂（氧化铈）,以淀粉为生物模板,以Ce（NO₃）₃·6H₂O为铈源,在温和条件下制备出海绵状的多孔纳米CeO₂,同时考察了焙烧温度、碱液、铈源投加量对样品形貌的影响.利用XRD（X射线衍射光谱）、SEM（扫描电镜）、N₂吸附-脱附等表征手段对合成的多孔纳米CeO₂进行物相组成、微观形貌及孔径大小分布的分析.通过湿式催化过氧化试验,探究其对腈纶废水中有机物COD_Cr的催化降解性能.结果表明:①所制备的多孔纳米CeO₂具有多孔结构,孔径分布范围为2~4 nm,孔容为0.225 cm3/g,BET比表面积为256.426 m2/g;②多孔纳米CeO₂的最佳制备条件为1 g淀粉溶解于20 mL水中,加入0.02 mol Ce（NO₃）₃·6H₂O,以5%的氨水调节前驱体混合液pH,以1℃/min升至400℃,焙烧4 h,得到海绵状的多孔纳米CeO₂.③以不同形貌的CeO₂作为湿式催化反应中的催化剂,催化降解腈纶废水中有机物,其中以制备的多孔纳米CeO₂催化性能最佳,COD_Cr去除率可达82.5%.研究显示,焙烧温度、碱液、铈源投加量均可影响样品的形貌,在湿式催化过氧化处理腈纶废水试验中,多孔纳米CeO₂能显著提高废水COD_Cr的去除率.      

我国PM2.5与臭氧污染协同控制策略研究

近年来,我国大气污染格局发生了深刻变化,PM_2.5与臭氧（O₃）成为影响我国城市和区域空气质量的主要空气污染物,二者协同控制已成为我国空气质量改善的焦点和打赢蓝天保卫战的关键.PM_2.5与臭氧之间具有复杂的关联性,使得二者的协同控制具有复杂性与艰巨性.分析了PM_2.5与臭氧成因的关联性及其相互影响,阐明了PM_2.5与臭氧污染协同控制所涉及的重要科学问题,并在此基础上研究了目前我国PM_2.5与臭氧的污染形势及二者的关联性,梳理了我国自2013年以来在PM_2.5与臭氧污染控制中已采取的重要举措,论述了目前我国PM_2.5与臭氧协同控制在科学与管理上所面临的挑战.结合对国外成功经验的分析,提出推进我国PM_2.5与臭氧污染协同控制工作的相关建议:①加快监测能力建设,完善管理体系;②强化科技支撑,提高PM_2.5与臭氧污染控制精准性;③加快构建VOCs与NO_x治理技术体系;④加大VOCs与NO_x的协同减排力度,保障减排方案落实到位.      

Synthesis of a novel ternary HA/Fe-Mn oxides-loaded biochar composite and its application in cadmium(II) and arsenic(V) adsorption

Cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) are two of the most toxic elements. However, the chemical behaviors of these two elements are different, making it challenging to utilize a single adsorbent with high adsorption capacity for both Cd(II) and As(V) removal. To solve this problem, we synthesized HA/Fe-Mn oxides-loaded biochar (HFMB), a novel ternary material, to perform this task, wherein scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with EDS (SEM-EDS) was used to characterize its morphological and physicochemical properties. The maximum adsorption capacity of HFMB was 67.11?mg/g for Cd(II) and 35.59?mg/g for As(V), which is much higher compared to pristine biochar (11.06?mg/g, 0?mg/g for Cd(II) and As(V), respectively). The adsorption characteristics were investigated by adsorption kinetics and the effects of the ionic strength and pH of solutions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) revealed that chelation and deposition were the adsorption mechanisms that bound Cd(II) to HFMB, while ligand exchange was the adsorption mechanism that bound As(V).     

河流水动力条件对大型底栖动物分布影响研究进展

大型底栖无脊椎动物(简称"底栖动物")是河流生态系统重要的生物类群,其组成与分布受河流水动力条件影响显著.对世界范围内不同气候带的7条大型河流的研究发现,底栖动物在河流纵向上展现出了明显的分布特征:①山区树线以上,粗颗粒有机物有限,直接收集者占绝对优势,其中流速大的河段以适应流水的摇蚊幼虫为主,流速低的河段以寡毛类为主.②树线以下的上游河段,充足的凋落物进入河流,流速大的河段以抗冲刷能力强的水生昆虫(如蜉蝣目)为主,流速低的河段以寡毛类和摇蚊幼虫为主.③中下游河段以及河口地区,河流比降小、水深大、流速小、底质较细,受一定程度的人类活动影响,寡毛类、摇蚊幼虫和软体动物等较为常见,其中寡毛类和软体动物主要栖息在淤泥底质中,摇蚊幼虫在沙质河中更为常见.底栖动物的物种数量及组成与底质的稳定性、河流含沙量、降水量等因素相关.水动力条件中的底质、含沙量及流速对底栖动物的影响最为显著:①底栖动物物种数随着底质粒径和稳定性的降低而减少,在卵石底质中达到最大值.②含沙量增加导致底栖动物的物种数和密度显著下降.③汛期水动力条件的改变直接导致底栖动物密度和优势种变化,汛期过后则优势种恢复,密度达到年内最大值.研究推测气候通过影响底栖动物食物网来影响其密度,而不是种类.建议今后增强气候变化对底栖动物食物网及密度综合影响的研究.     

Evaluation of bacterial pathogen diversity, abundance and health risks in urban recreational water by amplicon next-generation sequencing and quantitative PCR

The microbial quality of urban recreational water is of great concern to public health.The monitoring of indicator organisms and several pathogens alone is not sufficient to accurately and comprehensively identify microbial risks.To assess the levels of bacterial pathogens and health risks in urban recreational water,we analyzed pathogen diversity and quantified four pathogens in 46 water samples collected from waterbodies in Beijing Olympic Forest Park in one year.The pathogen diversity revealed by 16 S r RNA gene targeted next-generation sequencing(NGS) showed that 16 of 40 genera and 13 of 76 reference species were present.The most abundant species were Acinetobacter johnsonii,Mycobacterium avium and Aeromonas spp.Quantitative polymerase chain reaction(q PCR) of Escherichia coli(uid A),Aeromonas(aer A),M.avium(16S r RNA),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(oaa) and Salmonella(inv A) showed that the aer A genes were the most abundant,occurring in all samples with concentrations of 10~(4–6) genome copies/100 m L,followed by oaa,inv A and M.avium.In total,34.8% of the samples harbored all genes,indicating the prevalence of these pathogens in this recreational waterbody.Based on the q PCR results,a quantitative microbial risk assessment(QMRA) showed that the annual infection risks of Salmonella,M.avium and P.aeruginosa in five activities were mostly greater than the U.S.EPA risk limit for recreational contacts,and children playing with water may be exposed to the greatest infection risk.Our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of bacterial pathogen diversity and pathogen abundance in urban recreational water by applying both NGS and q PCR.     

我国稀土资源开发利用的环境成本及空间差异特征

稀土开发利用环境成本核算对于我国稀土定价机制改革具有重要参考价值.利用污染普查中的典型企业、稀土年鉴等多种数据源,基于环境治理成本法,核算了2013年我国三大稀土矿区冶炼污染物产生量及环境治理成本（注:涉及"全国"的各要素范围均未包含港澳台地区）,并分析了其空间分布特征.结果表明:① 我国稀土冶炼污染物空间分布特征为北方包头混合型稀土矿以大气污染为主,南方离子型稀土矿以水污染为主,尤其是氨氮污染严重. ② 2013年,我国稀土冶炼环境成本总计为28729×104元,其中废水、废气和固体废物的环境成本分别为49.8%、19.0%和31.2%.我国稀土冶炼环境成本92.9%集中在北方轻稀土矿区,7.1%在南方离子型稀土矿区. ③ 我国稀土冶炼环境代价高,尤其是北方轻稀土矿.包头混合型矿单位稀土氧化物冶炼的环境成本为4135元/t,占氧化铈和氧化镧市场价格的38.8%和41.4%左右,南方离子型稀土矿单位稀土氧化物冶炼的环境成本为2824元/t,占氧化钇市场价格10.9%.