Neighborhood form and CO2 emission: evidence from 23 neighborhoods in Jinan, China

To understand the household C02 emission level in China, as well as how much the neighborhoods＇ socio-economic or design factors could influence the CO2 emission, 23 neighborhoods in Jinan were investigated in 2009 and 2010. These neighborhoods fall into four different types： superblock, enclave, grid and traditional. The household CO2 emission includes sources of both in- home energy use and passenger transportation. The average CO2 emission per household is 7.66 t.a^-1, including 6.87 t in-home operational emission and 792 kg transportation emission. The household CO2 emission by neighborhood categories is 10.97, 5.65, 6.49, 5.40 t-household-1. a-1 for superblock, enclave, grid and tradi- tional respectively. Superblock has the highest average emission and also the highest percent （more than 25%） of transportation emission among four different types of neighborhoods. The residential CO2 emission of superb- lock neighborhoods in Jinan has already reached the level in developed countries nearly ten years ago. It is predictable that more superblock neighborhoods would be built in China with the fast urbanization. How to avoid the rapid household CO2 emission growth in the future would be a systematic issue. The study also found that in addition to income and apartment area, household density, land use mix and accessibility to public transportation are three primary factors which have significant impacts on CO2 emission. High density, mixed land use and convenient accessibility to public transportation tend to reduce household CO2 emission.     

非均相催化湿式氧化法再生活性炭实验

使用自制的CuO-Al₂O₃催化剂对苯酚饱和活性炭进行非均相催化湿式氧化再生研究,系统观察了反应条件对非均相催化湿式氧化再生活性炭的影响.实验中得到非均相CuO-Al₂O₃催化湿式氧化再生活性炭的最佳条件为:反应温度210℃,反应时间60min,催化剂投加量25mg(以铜离子计),反应氧分压0.6MPa(25℃),投炭量15g(干炭量),加水量300mL.通过对催化剂进行X衍射分析,并对催化剂的稳定性进行实验,可以得出该催化剂在催化湿式氧化再生活性炭的过程中具有较好的稳定性.     

重庆汞矿区耕地土壤和农作物重金属污染状况及健康风险评价

为了解重庆汞矿区耕地土壤-农作物重金属污染状况,在研究区采集水稻45件、玉米32件、红薯18件及其种植土壤样品90件,分析测定As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、 Ni、Pb、Zn等8种重金属含量,采用地累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法和健康风险评估模型,对该区土壤重金属污染程度、生态风险和食用农作物的健康风险进行评估.结果 ...     

十六烷基三甲基氯化铵与荧蒽对小球藻的联合毒性及其作用机制

以普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)为受试生物,采用批量培养方法研究了阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(CTAC)与多环芳烃荧蒽(Flu)的联合毒性及其作用机制.结果表明,当CTAC初始浓度固定为100μg/L时,随Flu浓度的升高(0~100.84μg/L), CTAC与Flu的联合毒性由协同效应(0~22.50μg/L)转为拮抗效应(22.50~100.84μg/L).当Flu浓度为1.13μg/L时,协同效应达到最大(RI＝2.01),与对照组相比,生物量抑制率从37.5%增加至80.9%;对氮和铁单位吸收量分别从0.27mg和9.18μg降至0.09mg和2.14μg;藻细胞Zeta电位从-10.0mV提高至-8.3mV;叶绿素a和可溶性蛋白质含量分别从5.00mg/L和80.65μg/mg降为2.57mg/L和50.36μg/mg.根据实验结果分析, CTAC与Flu复合污染体系提高了藻细胞Zeta电位,抑制了小球藻对氮和铁的吸收,降低了藻细胞体内叶绿素和蛋白质的含量.     

上海城区典型空气污染过程中细颗粒污染特征研究

采集了上海城区2009年10月10~21日期间2次空气污染过程的样品,在对污染过程分析的基础上,着重分析了PM2.5及其化学组分的变化,探讨了污染源及形成机制.研究表明,14日的灰霾过程主要由本地排放的污染物二次转化形成,PM2.5占PM10比重超过60%且PM2.5中离子组分含量高.17~19日的浮尘过程中,受北方沙尘影响本市粗颗粒浓度上升,PM2.5所占比重下降,二次离子组分从细颗粒物向粗颗粒物转移且Ca2+浓度上升,同时受到长江三角洲区域秸秆焚烧的影响,细颗粒物中K+, EC和OC含量高.因此,应在控制本地源排放的同时,加强对细颗粒尤其是二次细颗粒污染及其前体物的协同控制.     

Preliminary study of groundwater denitrification using a composite membrane bioreactor

A composite membrane bioreactor (CMBR) integrating the immobilized cell technique and the membrane separation technology was developed for groundwater denitrification. The CMBR had two well mixed compartments with one filled with the nitrate- containing influent and the other with a dilute ethanol solution; the compartments were separated by the composite membrane consisting of a microporous membrane facing the influent and an immobilized cell membrane facing the ethanol solution. Nitrate and ethanol molecules diffused from the respective compartments into the immobilized cell membrane where nitrate was reduced to gaseous nitrogen by the denitrifying bacteria present there with ethanol as the carbon source. The microporous membrane was attached to one side of the immobilized cell membrane for retention of the disaggregated bacteria. Relative to the single dose of external ethanol, the two-dose supplementation produced better treatment results as evidenced by the lower concentrations of NO3--N and ethanol (as measured by total organic carbon) of the effluent. The batch treatment in CMBR removed most of the nitrate in the influent and attained a stable denitrification rate of 0.1 g·m^-2·h^-1 for most of the 96-h cycles during the 30-cycle study. The effluent was essentially free of ethanol and nitrite nitrogen.     

丙酮丁醇梭菌Clostridium acetobutylicum CICC 8012发酵鲜芭蕉芋生产丁醇

以非粮作物鲜芭蕉芋为原料,利用丙酮丁醇梭菌CICC 8012发酵生产丁醇.采用中心组合实验设计(CCD),选取初始糖浓度、接种量、中性红、乙酸铵为主要影响因素,对发酵条件进行优化,建立以丁醇产量为响应值的数学模型.对模型求解得到:初始糖浓度62.25 g/L,接种量为10.81%,中性红为0.81 g/L,乙酸铵为0.574 g/L时,最终的丁醇产量为12.83 g/L.验证实验结果表明,在优化条件下丁醇发酵产量达到12.73 g/L,证明了模型可靠有效.     

中国浏阳农村地区人群暴露参数

以湖南省浏阳市农村地区人群为研究对象,采用问卷调查的方式对研究地区人群的暴露参数进行研究,结果表明:研究地区成人男性、女性的平均体质量分别为62.45和53.71kg,平均体表面积分别为1.710和1.546m2;成人日均饮水摄入量为1428 mL,P₉₅(第95百分位数)为3350mL,其中,日均直接饮水量为1035mL,P₉₅为2500mL;调查地区大米、面粉、鱼类、猪肉、鸡肉、蛋类(鸡蛋和鸭蛋合计)日均摄入量,成人男性为335.54、89.28、15.41、18.48、14.18和21.70g/d,成人女性为269.28、68.45、14.89、16.73、13.11和18.07g/d. 研究还发现,调查地区人群饮用水源以泉水和井水为主,分别占52.42%和36.31%,也有个别人群饮用河水和湖水等地表水. 研究结果与美国和日本暴露参数推荐值相比有较大差异,与我国同类研究相比也存在一定的差异,说明暴露参数具有区域性、种族性等特征.      

双氯芬酸在水环境中光降解的初步研究

考察了在模拟太阳光照射下,双氯芬酸初始浓度、pH值、光强、温度、丙酮和双氧水对双氯芬酸光解的影响,并通过淬灭实验初步探讨了双氯芬酸光解.结果表明,双氯芬酸的光降解过程符合准一级动力学方程.光解速率随着双氯芬酸初始浓度的降低、光强的增强以及温度的升高而增大.当pH值从3变化到5时,反应速率常数变大;pH值从5变到8时,反应速率常数变小,再继续增大pH值,反应速率常数增大.水环境中存在的双氧水和丙酮对双氯芬酸的光解具有促进作用.最后,通过淬灭实验表明双氯芬酸的光解过程包括直接光解以及通过活性氧物种进行的自敏化光解.     

济南冬春季室内空气PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃污染特征及健康风险评价

2010年冬春季,在济南典型室内环境(超市、办公室和餐厅)采集了PM2.5样品,并对其多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析.结果表明,采样期间办公室的PAHs平均浓度最高,为93.11 ng.m-3,超市和餐厅的PAHs平均浓度分别为42.97 ng.m-3和26.65 ng.m-3.超市和办公室的多环芳烃均以室外源(燃煤)为主,吸烟导致办公室轻环多环芳烃浓度升高,高于室外相应物种的浓度,餐厅的轻环多环芳烃和重环多环芳烃分别来源于室内烹饪和室外的机动车尾气.与室外相比,超市和办公室PAHs中的菲(Phe)和苯并[b+k]荧蒽(BbkF)占总PAHs的比例较高,达到10%—15%,这与冬季室内使用中央空调取暖密不可分.超市、办公室和餐厅的毒性当量浓度值(BEQ)分别为7.05 ng.m-3、10.75 ng.m-3和0.75 ng.m-3.其中办公室的毒性当量浓度高于我国规定10 ng.m-3.超市,办公室和餐厅的PAHs暴露致终身肺癌风险度分别为0.6×10-3、0.9×10-3和6.5×10-5,均超过了世界卫生组织的建议值(10-5),超市和办公室的终身致癌健康风险高于美国最高法院规定的10-3的显著水平,说明生活在超市和办公室致癌风险高.