抗坏血酸改性纳米硫化亚铁对水体Cr（Ⅵ）的还原特性及机制

为提高纳米硫化亚铁的稳定性及其对水体Cr(Ⅵ)的还原特征,本文通过化学共沉淀法制备抗坏血酸改性纳米硫化亚铁(VC-nFeS)并阐明其对水体Cr(Ⅵ)的还原特性与机制.实验结果表明,VC-nFeS对水中的Cr(Ⅵ)具有优良的还原效果,当pH为7.0,温度为25℃,材料中还原成分FeS与废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的物质的量比为1.5∶1时,还原率可达到99%以上.VC-nFeS投加量、反应温度、初始pH值等因素都会影响Cr(Ⅵ)还原,增加投加量和提高反应温度都能够提高还原速率,酸性和中性环境更有利于Cr(Ⅵ)的还原.VC-nFeS还原Cr(Ⅵ)的过程符合伪二级动力学反应模型,主要以化学吸附为主.等温吸附实验结果表明,两者之间的反应过程用Langmuir模型拟合程度较好,该材料在25℃条件下的最大吸附容量为595.24 mg·g^-1.扫描电镜(SEM)和Zeta电位测定结果表明,加入抗坏血酸改性能够有效分散纳米硫化亚铁.X射线衍射图谱(XRD)和红外光谱图(FTIR)结果显示,抗坏血酸改性处理能够提高纳米硫化亚铁的稳定性,并减少材料表面氧化.另外,产物表征结合水体实验结果表明反应...     

船舶海水管路直流杂散电流仿真研究

目的 针对某型船海水管路杂散电流腐蚀穿孔问题,研究海水管路直流杂散电流密度与直流电气设备机壳绝缘电阻关系,评估海水管路直流杂散电流腐蚀风险,提出直流电气设备机壳绝缘电阻要求,为船舶海水管路杂散电流控制提供技术支撑.方法 根据欧姆定律和腐蚀电化学原理,建立船体与海水管路直流杂散电流腐蚀仿真方法,模拟海水管路直管、弯管以及某船海水管路系统结构,以B10铜镍合金极化曲线为边界条件,开展管壁直流杂散电流密度仿真研究,并根据法拉第定律计算直流杂散电流腐蚀速率.结果 直流电气设备接地产生的直流杂散电流大部分流入船体,仅有少部分流入海水管路,正常情况下,机壳绝缘电阻大于1 M?,直流电气设备接地不会导致海水管路发生杂散电流腐蚀.结论 为避免直流电气设备接地造成海水管路杂散电流腐蚀,DC380 V和DC220 V电气设备机壳绝缘电阻应分别不小于211?和123?.     

Revealing photon transmission in an ultraviolet reactor: Advanced approaches for measuring fluence rate distribution in water for model validation

Fluence rate (FR) distribution (optical field) is of great significance in the optimal design of ultraviolet (UV) reactors for disinfection or oxidation processes in water treatment. Since the 1970s, various simulation models have been developed, which can be combined with computational fluidic dynamic software to calculate the fluence delivered in a UV reactor. These models strive for experimental validation and further improvement, which is a major challenge for UV technology in water treatment. Herein, a review of the simulation models of the FR distribution in a UV reactor and the applications of the current main experimental measurement approaches including conventional flat-type UV detector, spherical actinometer, and micro-fluorescent silica detector (MFSD), is presented. Moreover, FR distributions in a UV reactor are compared between various simulation models and MFSD measurements. In addition, the main influential factors on the FR distribution, including inner-wall reflection, refraction and shadowing effects of adjacent lamps, and turbidity effect are discussed, which is helpful for improving the accuracy of the simulation models and avoiding dark regions in the reactor design. This paper provides an overview on the simulation models and measurement approaches for the FR distribution, which is helpful for the model selection in fluence calculations and gives high confidence on the optimal design of UV reactors in regard to present methods.     

Fe2O3纳米棒的制备及其H2S气敏性能研究

为快速检测H2S泄漏,以一步水热法制备的Fe2O3纳米棒为基础,制备了H2S气体传感器。研究表明,该传感器在300℃工作温度下对10μmol/mol的H2S的灵敏度为2左右,响应时间为12s左右,恢复时间约4s。而且该传感器具有优异的稳定性和选择性,对CH4、CO等多种气体响应较差,适合用于长时间快速检测H2S气体的泄漏。     

Insights into pH-dependent transformation of gibberellic acid in aqueous solution: Transformation pathway, mechanism and toxicity estimation

Gibberellic acid (GA₃) is widely used in agriculture and maybe transfer with groundwater flow, which is an endocrine disruptor, but few studies have focused on the transformation pathway and toxicity assessment of GA₃ and its products. Here, GA₃ and its transformation products in aqueous solution were identified and quantified by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry hybrid ion trap time-of-flight (LCMS?IT?TOF) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. The results showed that the half-life of GA₃ transformation in ultrapure water was 16.1–24.6 days at pH=2.0–8.0, with the lowest half-life occurring at pH=8.0 and highest half-life occurring at pH=3.3. Isomerized gibberellic acid (Iso-GA₃) and gibberellenic acid (GEA) were the main transformation products with a little hydroxy gibberellic acid (OH-GA₃). In North China groundwater, the mass balance of GA₃ and its products was 76.2%, including Iso-GA₃ (58%), GEA (7.9%), GA₃ (7.3%) and OH-GA₃ (3%) after reaching transformation equilibrium. Using Gaussian 09 for chemical computation, it was found that the transformation mechanism of GA₃ was dependent upon the bond energy and the stereochemical feature of its molecular structure. GA₃ always isomerized from the γ-lactone ring due to the lowest bond energy between the oxygen terminus of the γ-lactone ring and A ring. While GA₃ and its transformation products all had developmental toxicity, the predicated LC₅₀ (96 hr) and LD₅₀ of the main products of GA₃ were much lower than those of GA₃, indicating GA₃ would be transformed into higher toxicity derivatives in water environments, posing a significant health risk to humans and the environment.     

拉萨市垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属特性分析及风险评价

焚烧是城市垃圾处理主流技术,飞灰作为垃圾焚烧主要污染物成为垃圾焚烧污染控制关键环节。采集拉萨市垃圾焚烧发电厂飞灰样品,分析了飞灰中重金属含量及浸出毒性特征,并采用改进的潜在风险评价法及健康风险评价法评价飞灰中重金属的潜在风险。结果表明:拉萨市飞灰中重金属含量较高,且Pb的浸出浓度超过GB 5085.3-2007《危险废物鉴别标准 浸出毒性鉴别》浸出液最高允许值的16倍。污染评价结果表明,拉萨市飞灰中Pb对环境具有极强的污染风险。健康风险评价结果表明,飞灰中重金属对人体的致癌风险在可接受范围内,但其非致癌风险值高于美国国家环境保护局(EPA)推荐的非致癌风险值(HQ ≤ 1),对人体具有较高的非致癌风险。其中 Pb对成人和儿童的非致癌风险值分别为3.8975和9.7458,是非致癌风险的主要贡献者。     

海洋渔业脆弱性研究评述与展望

海洋渔业脆弱性是海洋渔业可持续发展研究的重要内容。本文从海洋渔业脆弱性的概念与内涵、研究分类与分析框架、评价方法与测度指数、驱动因素与应对措施4个方面对海洋渔业脆弱性研究进行了系统梳理。结果表明:（1）海洋渔业脆弱性概念虽未统一,但关于概念内涵的理解已经达成了一些共识;（2）海洋渔业脆弱性评价方法单一,评价体系有待完善;（3）海洋渔业脆弱性驱动因素与机制研究不足。未来宜重点完善海洋渔业脆弱性概念,构建系统全面的评价体系,加强海洋渔业脆弱性多尺度研究,深化海洋渔业脆弱性的驱动因素与机制研究等,为解决海洋渔业发展问题提供科学支撑。     

A mechanistic study of ciprofloxacin adsorption by goethite in the presence of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles

The adsorption behaviors of ciprofloxacin (CIP), a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, onto goethite (Gt) in the presence of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (AgNPs and TiO₂NPs) were investigated. Results showed that CIP adsorption kinetics in Gt with or without NPs both followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The presence of AgNPs or TiO₂NPs inhibited the adsorption of CIP by Gt. The amount of inhibition of CIP sorption due to AgNPs was decreased with an increase of solution pH from 5.0 to 9.0. In contrast, in the presence of TiO₂NPs, CIP adsorption by Gt was almost unchanged at pHs of 5.0∼6.5 but was decreased with an increase of pH from 6.5 to 9.0. The mechanisms of AgNPs and TiO₂NPs in inhibiting CIP adsorption by Gt were different, which was attributed to citrate coating of AgNPs resulting in competition with CIP for adsorption sites on Gt, while TiO₂NPs could compete with Gt for CIP adsorption. Additionally, CIP was adsorbed by Gt or TiO₂NPs through a tridentate complex involving the bidentate inner-sphere coordination of the deprotonated carboxylic group and hydrogen bonding through the adjacent carbonyl group on the quinoline ring. These findings advance our understanding of the environmental behavior and fate of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in the presence of NPs.     

核电材料辐照损伤的多尺度高通量计算模拟

反应堆压力容器用钢等核电材料在持续服役中,由于中子辐照造成其内部缺陷不断累积,致使材料组织结构损伤、性能劣化,对核电安全运行形成潜在威胁。多尺度计算模拟是探索辐照缺陷演化机理的有效手段,结合等效缺陷结构理论,有望实现核电材料服役行为的高效评价与预测。文中综述了多尺度计算模拟在核电材料辐照缺陷演化相关研究领域的进展,并对缺陷结构的多尺度演化本质及相应的多尺度高通量计算模拟方法进行了分析讨论。结果表明,通过缺陷结构特征能量等效传递的方法可以实现从第一性原理计算到缺陷扩散反应动力学等高通量计算模拟的跨尺度耦合;通过多尺度高通量计算模拟得到的缺陷演化热力学和动力学数据,可以搭建用于预测核电材料长期服役行为的材料基因工程数据库;在材料缺陷结构特征能量-组织结构-性能关联性探讨基础上,应用高通量计算模拟,辅以高通量实验数据验证,有望建立基于材料基因组结构能的服役安全工程模型。