黑褐新糠虾的急性毒性测试方法及在钻井液毒性评价中的作用

于1992年开始在青岛胶州湾西海岸采集黑褐新糠虾（Neomysis awatschensis）并进行实验室的长期驯化培养，在实验室内以4－6d的蚴虾为实验材料，研究了黑褐新糠虾的急性毒性测试方法。比较了黑褐新糠虾和美国一种标准毒性测试实验生物巴西拟糠虾的分类学地位、地理分布和形态，以及标准毒物的敏感性。根据研究结果,建议将黑褐新糠虾作为我国的一种标准毒性测试的实验生物，并将该该方法应用于钻井液及其添加剂的毒性评价，本文将报道以上研究结果及该方法在几种钻井液及添加剂中的毒性评价结果。     

Vehicle emissions of primary air pollutants from 2009 to 2019 and projection for the 14th Five-Year Plan period in Beijing, China

Over the past decade, the emission standards and fuel standards in Beijing have been upgraded twice, and the vehicle structure has been improved by accelerating the elimination of 2.95 million old vehicles. Through the formulation and implementation of these policies, the emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NO_x), and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) in 2019 were 147.9, 25.3, 43.4, and 0.91 kton in Beijing, respectively. The emission factor method was adopted to better understand the emissions characteristics of primary air pollutants from combustion engine vehicles and to improve pollution control. In combination with the air quality improvement goals and the status of social and economic development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period in Beijing, different vehicle pollution control scenarios were established, and emissions reductions were projected. The results show that the emissions of four air pollutants (CO, VOCs, NO_x, and PM_2.5) from vehicles in Beijing decreased by an average of 68% in 2019, compared to their levels in 2009. The contribution of NO_x emissions from diesel vehicles increased from 35% in 2009 to 56% in 2019, which indicated that clean and energy-saving diesel vehicle fleets should be further improved. Electric vehicle adoption could be an important measure to reduce pollutant emissions. With the further upgrading of vehicle structure and the adoption of electric vehicles, it is expected that the total emissions of the four vehicle pollutants can be reduced by 20%-41% by the end of the 14th Five-Year Plan period.     

塔玛亚历山大藻对鲈鱼幼鱼毒性效应研究

塔玛亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamarense)(ATHK)藻液能对鲈鱼（Lateolabrax japonicus)幼鱼（2．5cm）的存活有明显的影响，96h的半致死浓度为4000cells/mL。根据该藻PSP产毒量37．48fmol/cell（毒性为11pg(STX eq)/cell）计算，鲈鱼幼鱼的96h半致死藻毒素浓度相当于149．92fmol/L（毒性为44pg（STX eq)/L）。通过对塔玛亚历山大藻藻液各组分（都相当于8000cells/mL）：藻细胞悬浮液、去藻过滤液、细胞内容物以及细胞碎片的毒性大小比较研究，发现藻细胞的毒性作用很强，与藻液相近，细胞内容物也有显著影响，其他组分无显著的毒性作用，结果表明幼鱼摄入PS旨幼鱼致死的原因。较大的幼鱼（12cm）对有毒藻不敏感，暴露在1000cells/mL 10d后，存活率为100％。探讨了塔玛亚历山大藻的致毒机制和途径。     

基于质量守恒的二沉池一维通量模型

基于质量守恒定律,导出了二沉池的一维通量模型.模型考虑了二沉池表面积的变化,低浓度污泥沉降和区域沉降采用了Takács速率公式,压缩沉降采用了压缩沉降速率公式.结果表明,单元层的污泥质量守恒,模型在进水污泥浓度、进水流量、回流比及其组合的脉冲扰动下仍有较强的稳定性;二沉池出水悬浮物浓度与回流污泥浓度的模拟值分别为16.40mg/L与7.01g/L,和实测值范围15～19mg/L与646～8.32g/L较为吻合;污泥层高度的预测值为0.55m,与实测值0.45m较为一致同时,恰当地选取二沉池分层数和模拟迭代时间可以从根本上避免模拟失真,将二沉池分为30层及其以上可得到理想的模拟结果.     

Effect of TiO2 surface properties on the SCR activity of NOx emission abatement catalyst

NOx emission abatement catalysts V2O5 supported on various TiO2 including anatase, rutile and mixture of both were investigated with various physico-chemical measurements such as BET, NH3-TPD, NARP, XRD and so on, and the effect of TiO2 surface properties on the SCR (selective catalytic reduction) activity of V20s/TiO2 catalysts was studied. It was found that the TiO2 surface properties had strong affect on the SCR activity of V2Os/TiO2 catalysts. The stronger acidic property resulted in the higher exposure of active sites as well as the higher SCR activity.     

粉煤灰中微量元素浸出特性试验研究

通过采用不同pH值的浸出剂对淮南上窑贮灰场中粉煤灰进行了室内浸泡试验研究,得出粉煤灰中微量元素的浸出规律.结果表明:微量元素Cu,Mn,Cd,Ni,Zn随着pH值的增大析出浓度减少,而Cr随着pH值的增大溶出浓度增大,B的溶出与pH值的关系不明显;粉煤灰中微量元素溶出率很低,不会对环境造成污染.     

重金属污染河流生态修复区挺水植物对重金属的吸收特性

为了分析比较滇东南选矿区重金属污染河流——小白河生态修复区所种植芦苇和香蒲对重金属的吸收及生态修复效果差异,于2015年4月在小白河西岸野生植物区及东岸生态修复区采集土壤及植物样品,对样品进行烘干、消解,使用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定样品中铅（Pb）、锌（Zn）、铬（Cr）和镍（Ni）这4种重金属的含量,使用原子荧光光谱法测定样品中砷（As）的含量.结果表明:①小白河东岸生态修复区湿地底泥中As和Zn污染最为严重,但东岸底泥中各重金属含量已明显低于西岸,其中芦苇种植区底泥中w（As）和w（Ni）较西岸分别降低了38.82%和50.53%,香蒲种植区底泥中w（As）和w（Ni）较西岸分别降低了13.54%和21.95%.②芦苇对As、Pb、Zn和Pb、Cr以及Cr、Ni这3组重金属的吸收存在显著的协同作用,香蒲对重金属吸收的协同作用表现在As、Zn、Ni和Pb、Cr这2组重金属中,这种重金属吸收协同作用在芦苇中更明显.③芦苇对Cr的生物富集系数（BCF）较高,对Cr的转运系数（TF）为0.80,属于富集型耐受策略,芦苇对Zn和Ni属于根部囤积型耐受策略;香蒲对Pb、Zn、Ni、Cr这4种重金属的BCF较大,TF均接近1,属于富集型耐受策略,对As属于根部囤积型耐受策略.研究显示,芦苇可作为重金属污染河流生态修复区的先锋植物,香蒲的重金属生物富集效率较高,将重金属富集于地上部的能力较强,可考虑将植物分区种植的模式改为间作种植,并定期收割香蒲地上部,以使生态修复区具有更好的重金属修复效果.      

Estimation of Human Norovirus Infectivity from Environmental Water Samples by In Situ Capture RT-qPCR Method

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are highly infectious viruses for which water is an important medium of transmission. In this study, we explored a new in situ capture RT-qPCR (ISC-RT-qPCR) methodology to estimate the infectivity of HuNoV in environmental water samples. This assay was based on capturing encapsidated HuNoV by viral receptors, followed by in situ amplification of the captured viral genomes by RT-qPCR. We demonstrated that the ISC-RT-qPCR did not capture and enable signal amplification of heat-denatured Tulane Virus (TV) and HuNoVs. We further demonstrated that the sensitivity of ISC-RT-qPCR was equal or better than that of conventional RT-qPCR procedures for the detection of HuNoV GI and GII. We then utilized the ISC-RT-qPCR to detect HuNoV in environmental water samples for comparison against that from a conventional RT-qPCR procedure. TV was used as a process control virus. While complete inhibition of TV genomic signal was observed in 27% of samples tested by RT-qPCR, no inhibition of TV genomic signal was observed by ISC-RT-qPCR. From 72 samples tested positive for HuNoV GI signal by RT-qPCR, only 20 (27.8%) of these samples tested positive by ISC-RT-qPCR, suggesting that 72.2% of RT-qPCR-positive samples were unlikely to be infectious. From 16 samples tested positive for HuNoV GII signal by RT-qPCR, only one of these samples tested positive by ISC-RT-qPCR. Five samples that had initially tested negative for HuNoV GII signal by RT-qPCR, was tested as positive by ISC-RT-qPCR. Overall, ISC-RT-qPCR method provided an alternative assay to estimate infectivity of HuNoV in environmental samples.     

青岛市省级生态红线区产业准入负面清单制定方法及实践研究

结合法律法规和专家咨询法,对整合产业进行生态影响识别,并与现有政策进行衔接,建立了青岛市三类省级生态红线区产业准入负面清单。土壤保持、水源涵养、生物多样性维护三类红线区涉及(A-T)20类产业,三类红线区B、C、H、K类是全禁止,生物多样性维护红线区F类全禁止。A类产业中仅有林业均是正影响,I类和M类产业生态影响小,L、Q、S类禁止所有设施建设。此外,一些产业受限于设施建设,如果仅提供服务,则不纳入负面清单。     

几种典型有害藻对皱纹盘鲍急性毒性及其抗氧化酶活性的影响

为更好地了解有害藻华对鲍的影响及其原因,本文选择米氏凯伦藻（Karenia mikimotoi）、链状亚历山大藻（Alexandrium catenella）、东海原甲藻（Prorocentrum donghaiense）和抑食金球藻（Aureococcus anophageffferens）4种典型有害藻,开展对皱纹盘鲍（Haliotis discus hannai）的急性毒性及其成体抗氧化酶活性研究。研究发现,米氏凯伦藻和链状亚历山大藻均可致皱纹盘鲍幼虫、幼鲍和成体死亡。在米氏凯伦藻藻华现场密度下（5000/mL）,皱纹盘鲍幼虫的致死效应最显著,96 h时的存活率为4.7%。暴露在4000/mL藻密度链状亚历山大藻中,96 h时幼虫存活率为25.5%,暴露在10000/mL藻密度链状亚历山大藻中,48 h时幼鲍和成体存活率降至3.3%和6.7%。东海原甲藻和抑食金球藻对幼鲍和成鲍没有急性毒性影响,但能够降低皱纹盘鲍幼虫的存活率。米氏凯伦藻和链状亚历山大藻能够抑制皱纹盘鲍鳃的SOD酶活性和CAT酶活性、肝胰组织的SOD酶活性和GSH-Px酶活性,对皱纹盘鲍免疫系统造成损伤,而东海原甲藻和抑食金球藻对鲍体内的3种抗氧化酶活性的影响不明显。以上结果表明,米氏凯伦藻和链状亚历山大藻藻华能对鲍养殖产业造成严重威胁,东海原甲藻和抑食金球藻藻华可对鲍的资源补充存在不利影响。