羽序灯心草作为酸性矿山废弃地先锋植物潜力

生态复垦是当前世界各国酸性矿山废弃地修复的主要方法.通过研究云南来利山锡矿区废弃地土壤pH值、肥力特征及重金属含量,以及矿区生长的羽序灯心草形态特征和植株体内重金属的分布特征,分析植株耐酸性、对废弃地土壤肥力的适应性及对Zn和Cu等重金属污染的耐性,探讨其作为酸性矿山废弃地先锋植物的潜力.结果表明,研究区域根际土壤pH值均值范围为3.46～4.01,呈酸性;土壤中有机质、全钾、全磷和速效磷含量分别为10.28～25.75g·kg~(-1)、 8.84～9.32g·kg~(-1)、 0.56～0.63g·kg~(-1)和1.82～5.72mg·kg~(-1),处于较低水平;土壤中Zn、Cu和Fe含量均值范围分别为54.93～114.49、 92.53～127.59和47 133.60～112 259.63 mg·kg~(-1),其中重金属Cu含量超出风险筛选值1.85～2.55倍;研究区域羽序灯心草株高均值范围为43.77～55.42 cm,对照组植株高度为51.38～57.66 cm,无显著差异,表明羽序灯心草具有耐酸性及对重金属污染具有耐性.进一步分析对重金属Cu和Zn的富集能力和转移特征,发现对Cu和Zn都具有富集能力,且对Zn具有运转能力,具有一定的富集吸收潜力.株高与根际土壤中速效磷的含量显著相关,后期羽序灯心草作为先锋植物在矿山废弃地进行种植时,可针对性地补充含速效磷的肥料改善土壤肥力条件.综合分析结果表明,羽序灯心草作为先锋植物修复酸性矿山废弃地具有巨大潜力.     

生物质炭强化FeOOH类芬顿催化性能及其机制

采用醇助水热法制备了新型生物质炭修饰的α-FeOOH类芬顿催化剂（BC-FeOOH）,并通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）对催化剂进行了表征,证明生物质炭（BC）成功引入到α-FeOOH中.以罗丹明B（RhB）为目标污染物,考察了BC修饰量、催化剂及H₂O₂投加量对其催化效率的影响.结果表明,BC的引入可以极大地提高FeOOH的类芬顿催化性能.在pH中性、催化剂投加量0.6 g·L^-1、H₂O₂初始浓度10 mmol·L^-1的条件下,BC-FeOOH（22.2% BC）对RhB的降解率可达到90%,重复利用5次活性仍可保持在80%左右,且铁离子溶出浓度仅为0.08 mg·L^-1.进一步通过ESR在不同体系中的测试结果表明,BC的引入不仅可促进H₂O₂有效还原分解产生更多的羟基自由基（·OH）,而且增强了催化剂与污染物RhB的相互作用,促使污染物失电子氧化降解,从而提高了FeOOH的催化活性及催化稳定性.     

中国菌糠露天焚烧污染物排放时空分布特征

基于我国2000~2017年食用菌年产量数据,采用排放因子法估算了菌糠露天焚烧的污染物排放量,利用Mann-Kendall法和聚类分析法分析了排放量的时空分布特征,使用回归分析法预测了污染物的排放趋势.结果表明：（1）2000~2017年全国菌糠露天焚烧污染物排放量持续上升,PM_2.5、CO₂、CO、CH₄、NMVOCs、PAHs、NO_x、SO₂累积排放量分别为1.40×10⁶,3.48×10⁸,1.99×10⁷,8.43×10⁵,2.08×10⁶,3.00×10⁴,6.34×10⁵,8.29×10⁴t;（2）污染物排放量较高的省区包括山东、黑龙江、浙江、湖南、江苏、福建和河南,排放量较低的省区包括贵州、宁夏、天津、北京、新疆、重庆、甘肃;（3）预计2021年菌糠焚烧污染物总排放量高达4.25×10⁷t,其对生物质焚烧污染物总排放量的贡献率约为19.82%.我国菌糠露天焚烧污染物排放规模较大,应予以重点关注.     

全球液化石油气运输网络贸易社区特征及其演化分析

液化石油气在全球清洁能源消耗市场中扮演着极为重要的角色,其通过船舶在不同港口之间进行运输,而港口之间通过局部密集的运输关系,形成了联系极为紧密的贸易社区。采用复杂网络社区探测方法,基于2013—2017年全球液化石油气船舶轨迹大数据构建运输网络,并对其贸易社区特征及其演化趋势开展分析。结果表明：（1）液化石油气（Liquefied Petroleum Gas,LPG）贸易社区内的港口之间的联系更加紧密,不同社区内的枢纽港口联系也日益紧密;（2）各个贸易社区的规模呈现出增长趋势,且同一社区内的港口在地理空间上变得更为集聚;（3）亚太地区、中东、西北欧和地中海地区形成的社区在全球LPG贸易中一直保持着重要地位,而随着时间推移,美洲社区已逐渐从一个相对孤立的社区发展成为与其他社区存在紧密联系的社区。     

焚烧飞灰重金属含量及浸出长期变化规律研究

通过对24个飞灰样品的重金属全量消解和高精度X射线荧光光谱法（HDXRF）快速检测结果进行线性回归分析,发现HDXRF法可较准确测定飞灰中Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni和Cd含量（线性回归决定系数R²³0.90）.采用HDXRF法对某焚烧厂飞灰重金属含量6个月快速检测及浸出毒性测定数据统计分析发现：飞灰重金属月均含量较稳定（变异系数CV<0.14）但日均含量波动较大（CV>2.54）;飞灰中Pb、Cu和Zn含量呈正相关（相关系数r>0.78）;金属浸出浓度受浸出液终点pH值影响显著,超标频率依次为Pb（68.9%）、Cd（66.1%）、Ni（24.0%）、Cu（14.2%）和Zn（1.6%）.短期飞灰金属含量和浸出毒性数据受焚烧工况,烟气处理工况和垃圾组分等多种因素共同影响,不具有代表性.为评估垃圾分类源头削减重金属效果,建议采用快速检测方法对焚烧飞灰重金属含量进行长期监测.     

Aerosol optical properties under different pollution levels in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region of China

To clarify the aerosol hygroscopic growth and optical properties of the Pearl River Delta(PRD)region,integrated observations were conducted in Heshan City of Guangdong Province from October 19 to November 17,2014.The concentrations and chemical compositions of PM_(2.5),aerosol optical properties and meteorological parameters were measured.The mean value of PM_(2.5) increased from less than 35(excellent) to 35-75 μg/m~3(good) and then to greater than 75 μg/m~3(pollution),corresponding to mean PM_(2.5) values of 24.9,51.2,and 93.3 μg/m~3,respectively.The aerosol scattering hygroscopic growth factor(f(RH = 80%)) values were 2.0,2.12,and 2.18 for the excellent,good,and pollution levels,respectively.The atmospheric extinction coefficient(σext)and the absorption coefficient of aerosols(σ_(ap)) increased,and the single scattering albedo(SSA)decreased from the excellent to the pollution levels.For different air mass sources,under excellent and good levels,the land air mass from northern Heshan had lower f(RH) and σ_(sp) values.In addition,the mixed aerosol from the sea and coastal cities had lower f(RH) and showed that the local sources of coastal cities have higher scattering characteristics in pollution periods.     

Performance of different macrophytes in the decontamination of and electricity generation from swine wastewater via an integrated constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell process

Plants constitute a major element of constructed wetlands(CWs).In this study,a coupled system comprising an integrated vertical flow CW(IVCW) and a microbial fuel cell(MFC) for swine wastewater tre atment was developed to research the effects of macrophytes commonly employed in CWs,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica,on decontamination and electricity production in the system.Because of the different root types and amounts of oxygen released by the roots,the rates of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and ammonium nitrogen(NH_4~+-N) removal from the swine wastewater differed as well.In the unplanted,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica systems,the COD removal rates were 80.20%,88.07%,84.70%,and 82.20%,respectively,and the NH_4~+-N removal rates were 49.96%,75.02%,70.25%,and 68.47%,respectively.The decontamination capability of the Canna indica system was better than those of the other systems.The average output voltages were 520±42,715±20,660±27,and 752±26 mV for the unplanted,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica systems,respectively,and the maximum power densities were 0.2230,0.4136,0.3614,and0.4964 W/m~3,respectively.Ipomoea aquatica had the largest effect on bioelectricity generation promotion.In addition,electrochemically active bacteria,Geobacter and Desulfuromonas,were detected in the anodic biofilm by high-throughput sequencing analysis,and Comamonas(Proteobacteria),which is widely found in MFCs,was also detected in the anodic biofilm.These results confirmed the important role of plants in IVCW-MFCs.     

Long-term effects of silver nanoparticles on performance of phosphorus removal in a laboratory-scale vertical flow constructed wetland

Silver nanoparticles(AgNPs) have been widely used in many fields,which raised concerns about potential threats to biological sewage treatment systems.In this study,the phosphorus removal performance,enzymatic activity and microbial population dynamics in constructed wetlands(CWs) were evaluated under a long-term exposure to Ag NPs(0,50,and 200 μg/L) for 450 days.Results have shown that Ag NPs inhibited the phosphorus removal efficiency in a short-term exposure,whereas caused no obviously negative effects from a long-term perspective.Moreover,in the coexisting CW system of Ag NPs and phosphorus,competition exhibited in the initial exposure phase,however,cooperation between them was observed in later phase.Enzymatic activity of acid-phosphatase at the moderate temperature(10–20°C) was visibly higher than that at the high temperature(20–30℃) and CWs with Ag NPs addition had no appreciable differences compared with the control.High-throughput sequencing results indicated that the microbial richness,diversity and composition of CWs were distinctly affected with the extension of exposure time at different Ag NPs levels.However,the phosphorus removal performance of CWs did not decline with the decrease of polyphosphate accumulating organisms(PAOs),which also confirmed that adsorption precipitation was the main way of phosphorus removal in CWs.The study suggested that Ag NPs and phosphorus could be removed synergistically in the coexistence system.This work has some reference for evaluating the influences of Ag NPs on the phosphorus removal and the interrelation between them in CWs.     

达里诺尔湖水体DOM荧光特征及其来源解析

达里诺尔湖（简称“达里湖”）是内蒙古自治区高原地区重要的生态屏障,探究达里湖水质状况及污染来源,对加强流域水环境治理、改善水环境质量具有十分重要的意义.于2018年9月及2019年6月对湖水进行采样,并通过三维荧光光谱结合PARAFAC（平行因子分析）模型,探究达里湖水体DOM（溶解性有机质）来源及其与水质的关系.结果表明:①达里湖水体中pH较高,ρ（DOC）（DOC为溶解性有机碳）、ρ（NH₄+-N）、ρ（TP）相对较高,均超过GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅴ类水质标准限值.②水体中DOM含4种荧光组分.夏季水体DOM主要分布于河流入湖口附近,其中,类腐殖质荧光组分（紫外区类富里酸和可见区类富里酸）占总组分的62.93%,类蛋白类荧光组分（类色氨酸和类酪氨酸）占总组分的36.07%;秋季水体DOM主要分布于东南侧,其中,类腐殖质荧光组分占总组分的40.52%,类蛋白类荧光组分占总组分的59.48%.③达里湖采样点荧光参数表明,达里湖DOM自生源特征较强,腐殖化程度较低.类腐殖质荧光组分与ρ（DOC）、ρ（Chla）均呈正相关,类色氨酸荧光组分与pH呈正相关,类络氨酸与ρ（DTN）、ρ（NH4+-N）、ρ（DTP）均呈正相关.研究显示,达里湖DOM具有陆源与生物源双重特性,DOM的形成与微生物、细菌、浮游生物的生命活动密切相关.      

贵州草海湿地溶解性有机物的光谱特征及其与PFASs的相关性分析

为描述草海湿地DOM（dissolved organic matter,溶解性有机物）荧光特征,探究其对PFASs（per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances,全氟及多氟化合物）环境行为造成的影响,利用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术和三维荧光光谱技术,结合平行因子分析,开展DOM光谱学特性研究,分析ρ（DOM）与ρ（PFASs）的相关关系.结果表明:①草海湿地中共解析出3类4种荧光组分,分别为类腐殖酸[λ_Ex（360 nm）/λ_Em（450 nm）]、长波段腐殖质[λ_Ex（400 nm）/λ_Em（510 nm）]、类富里酸[λ_Ex（330 nm）/λ_Em（400 nm）]和类色氨酸[λ_Ex（280 nm）/λ_Em（350 nm）],贡献率分别为48.6%、23.6%、22.9%和4.9%,其中类腐殖质总贡献率高达72.2%.在农业生产和人类活动的影响下,总荧光强度大致呈现从入湖区向出湖区逐渐降低、湖心区略高的趋势.②在草海湿地表层水中共检出了12种PFASs,ρ（PFASs）为233.18 ng/L,每种平均值为19.43 ng/L,PFBA（perfluorobutanoic acid,全氟丁酸）是主要污染物;草海湿地入湖区点源影响特征明显,生活污水和农业生产用水是主要的潜在污染源.③相关性分析结果显示,各荧光组分含量均与ρ（PFBS）（potassium perfluorobutanesulfonate,全氟丁烷磺酸）负相关;类色氨酸含量与ρ（PFHpA）（perfluororoheptanoic acid,全氟庚酸）负相关,与ρ（PFTriDA）（perfluorotrideanoic acid,全氟十三酸）则显著正相关.研究显示,草海湿地水体腐殖化程度高,外源特征明显,共检出12种PFASs,初步揭示了草海湿地水环境中ρ（DOM）与ρ（PFASs）的相关关系,其受水体性质及化合物结构等差异的影响,有待进一步开展深入研究.