上流式厌氧污泥床处理味精生产尾母液废水影响因素的研究

采用连续流上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)工艺处理高浓度味精生产尾母液废水。分析了COD容积负荷、pH、挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)、氨氮、碱度与COD去除率之间的关系。结果表明:(1)UASB反应器处理高浓度味精生产尾母液废水成功实现了污泥颗粒化;(2)当UASB反应器具有足够的pH缓冲能力时,即使在酸性进水条件下,UASB反应器依然能稳定运行,无需配置pH调节单元;(3)在UASB反应器运行初始阶段,应逐步提高COD容积负荷,起始阶段COD容积负荷太高易引起VFAs积累;(4)当出水氨氮浓度提高时,出水pH也随之上升;(5)高浓度氨氮虽然对微生物有一定的毒害作用,但产甲烷菌能够对氨氮的轻微毒性逐渐驯化而适应,系统能在高氨氮环境下稳定运行;(6)提高系统pH缓冲能力,对避免由于VFAs积累而导致的系统pH下降、进而导致COD去除率下降是非常重要的。     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their methoxylated metabolites in anchovy (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Coilia</Emphasis> sp.) from the Yangtze River Delta,China

Background, aim, and scope  

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their metabolites are toxic to animals, and concentrations of the PBDEs metabolites can exceed those of the parent materials. But no information was available on concentrations of PBDEs metabolites in the lower Yangtze River in the region around Jiangsu Province of China, which is heavily urbanized and industrialized area. The aims of this study were to determine whether PBDEs and their methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs) were accumulated in Coilia sp. in this area and to investigate the potential sources for these two kinds of brominated organic pollutants.     

Atmospheric deposition of phthalate esters in a subtropical city

In Chinese cities, air pollution has become a serious and aggravating environmental problem undermining the sustainability of urban ecosystems and the quality of urban life. Bulk atmospheric deposition samples were collected two-weekly, from February 2007 to January 2008, at three representative areas, one suburban and two urbanized, in the subtropical city, Guangzhou, China, to assess the deposition fluxes and seasonal variations of phthalate esters (PAEs). Sixteen PAE congeners in bulk deposition samples were measured and the depositional fluxes of ∑₁₆PAEs ranged from 3.41 to 190 μg m^?2 day^?1, and were highly affected by local anthropogenic activities. The significant relationship between PAEs and particulate depositional fluxes (correlation coefficient R² = 0.72, P < 0.001) showed PAEs are associated primarily with particles. Temporal flux variations of PAEs were influenced by seasonal changes in meteorological parameters, and the deposition fluxes of PAEs were obviously higher in wet season than in dry season. Diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), Di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), and Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) dominated the PAE pattern in bulk depositions, which is consistent with a high consumption of the plasticizer market in China. PAE profiles in bulk deposition showed similarities exhibited in both time and space, and a weak increase of high molecular weight PAE (HMW PAE) contribution in the wet season compared to those in the dry season. Average atmospheric deposition fluxes of PAEs in the present study were significantly higher than those from other studies, reflecting strong anthropogenic inputs as a consequence of rapid industrial and urban development in the region.     

Acute toxicity and genotoxicity of two novel pesticides on amphibian, Rana N. Hallowell

Imidacloprid [1-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-N-nitro-imidazolidin-2-ylideneamine] and RH-5849 [2'-benzoyl-l'-tert-butylbenzoylhydrazinel] are two pesticides used in China since 1992. In the present study we conducted acute toxicity test, micronucleus (MN) test and comet assay of the two pesticides on amphibian, Rana N. Hallowell, a sensitive organism suitable for acting as the bio-indicator of aquatic and agricultural ecosystems. The values of LC50-48 h of imidacloprid were found to be 165 mg l(-1) for tadpoles of Rana limnocharis and 219 mg l(-1) for tadpoles of Rana N. Hallowell. On the other hand, RH-5849 showed no acute toxicity to tadpoles during the 96 h exposure even it was saturated in the test solutions. There were significant differences in the MN frequencies between the negative controls and the treated groups at the dose of 8 mg l(-1) for imidacloprid (p < 0.05) and 40 mg l(-1) for RH-5849 (p < 0.01). Comet assay found significant differences (p < 0.01) in the distributions of DNA damage grades between the negative controls and groups treated in vitro with 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 mg l(-1) of imidacloprid and 5, 25, 50 and 100 mg l(-1) of RH-5849, respectively. DNA damage scores increased with the exposure levels of the two pesticides and dose-effect relationships were observed for both imidacloprid (r2 = 0.92) and RH-5849 (r2 = 0.98). The MN test and comet assay revealed potential adverse effects of the two pesticides on DNA in the erythrocytes of amphibians in aquatic and agricultural ecosystems.     

HRT对固定床厌氧反应器运行效果的影响

为了考察水力停留时间(HRT)对炭纤维载体固定床厌氧反应器运行效果的影响,在进水COD分别为20 000~25 000 mg/L和40 000~45 000 mg/L2个浓度范围下,研究了不同HRT对反应器运行效果的影响。结果表明,通过HRT的调整,在达到相同有机负荷(OLR)下,进水COD为20 000~25 000 mg/L的COD去除率和产气量,明显比进水COD为40 000~45 000 mg/L的运行效果好;进水COD为20 000~25 000 mg/L,HRT为14 h,相应的OLR为41.09 kgCOD/(m3.d)时,COD去除率仍然维持在68%以上,沼气容积产气率达到14.55 m3/(m3.d)。炭纤维载体固定床厌氧反应器具有较高的COD去除率、产气效率以及抵抗低pH、高负荷冲击的能力,运行过程中没有发生反应器堵塞的现象。     

厌氧-好氧接触氧化处理汽车脱脂废水研究

采用厌氧UASB-好氧接触氧化工艺对汽车脱脂废水进行连续处理实验研究。结果表明,在脱脂废水进水COD浓度为6 000 mg/L,厌氧水力停留时间为3.4 d,好氧水力停留时间为2.5 d条件下,COD总去除率平均为93%,厌氧段平均值为38%。厌氧段可以提高出水的可生化性,厌氧-好氧接触氧化工艺效果要明显优于好氧工艺。     

介质阻挡放电联合催化臭氧化降解甲苯

采用介质阻挡放电区后结合MnOx/Al2O3/发泡镍去除甲苯,考察甲苯进气方式、臭氧产生方法及湿度对甲苯与O3同时去除的影响。结果表明,O3是等离子体区后催化降解甲苯的主要物种,介质阻挡放电联合催化臭氧化可实现甲苯及O3的同时高效去除。输入电压为9.0 kV时,甲苯的去除效率达92.8%,在80 min内O3的去除效率维持在99%以上。水蒸气对催化剂催化分解臭氧的活性没有直接的影响,O3浓度较高时湿度对甲苯降解效率的影响很小。GC-MS分析结果表明,甲苯降解的主要气相副产物有烷烃、酸、酮和含苯环有机物,提出了甲苯的降解途径。     

活性赤泥颗粒吸附除磷的效能与机制研究

以赤泥为主要原料,进行活化处理后,以粉煤灰为激发剂,膨润土（皂土）为黏结剂,碳酸氢钠为发泡剂制成不同配比的9种活化赤泥颗粒。将9种新型的活化赤泥颗粒吸附材料通过L₉（3⁴）正交试验进行对比,比较其对水体中磷的去除效果。结果表明,以吸附8 h后磷的吸附量为评价标准,在磷初始浓度为6.0 mg/L,pH为8.0时,配方8的赤泥颗粒对磷的吸附量为1.0 mg/g,对磷的去除率约为83.7％;而配方3的赤泥颗粒对磷的吸附量仅为0.1 mg/g,对磷的去除率约为7.2％。通过红外光谱法和XRD（X-衍射）对2种焙烧赤泥颗粒吸附材料的理化特性进行了表征和比较,发现焙烧后赤泥颗粒表面产生带有-OH官能团,可与磷酸根在溶液中发生配体交换反应而实现吸附。赤泥比例是影响吸附效果的关键因素。     

pH、溶解氧、叶绿素a之间相关性研究Ⅰ:养殖水体

利用国内、外近20年的资料和饮用水水源地潘家口水库现场围隔实验结果,分析养殖水体中pH、溶解氧(dissolved oxygen,DO)和叶绿素a之间的相互关系.结果表明,当叶绿素a平均含量低于10μg/L时,水体交换弱的夏季和秋季养殖水域水体中pH、DO与叶绿素a无明显相关甚至无相关;水体交换强的夏季和秋季养殖水域水...