Potential contributions of clay minerals and organic matter to pentachlorophenol retention in soils

Sorption of pentachlorophenol (PCP) by pure minerals and humic acids were measured to obtain additional perspective on the potential contributions of both clay minerals and soil organic matter (SOM) to contaminants retention in soils. Four types of common soil minerals and two kinds of humic acids (HAs) were tested. The sorption affinity for PCP conformed to an order of HAs > K-montmorillonite > Ca-montmorillonite > goethite > kaolinite. Such a difference in sorption capacity could be attributed to the crucial control of HAs. Clay minerals also had their contribution, especially K-montmorillonite, which played an important, if not dominant, role in the controlling process of PCP sorption. By removing 80% (on average) of the organic carbon from the soils with H(2)O(2), the sorption decreased by an average of 50%. The sorption reversibility had been greatly favored as well. Considering the uncharged mineral fractions in soil before and after H(2)O(2)-treated, the main variation in sorption behavior of the soil might thus be related to the removed organic carbon and the reduced pH. This testified rightly the interactive effect of SOM and clay minerals on PCP sorption as a function of pH.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the aerosol in Beijing, China, measured by aminopropylsilane chemically-bonded stationary-phase column chromatography and HPLC/fluorescence detection

We developed a useful analytical method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) concentrations in the aerosol of China. We used an accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) method for the extraction of PAHs from the aerosol samples, in order to reduce the extraction time and the solvent volume used. The optimum purification method was developed, with aminopropylsilane chemically-bonded stationary-phase column chromatography, in order to remove many co-extractives which cannot be removed by conventional purification methods using silica-gel column chromatography. HPLC/fluorescence detection (FLD) was adopted as the analytical method, because it has very high sensitivity to PAH and it is easy to install, operate, and maintain as compared with GC/MS. With the analytical method developed in this study, the recovery and precision (RSD) for most of the PAHs ranged from 75% to 129% and from 2.8% to 22.7%, respectively. The concentrations of PAHs in the aerosol samples collected from October 2003 to April 2005 in Beijing, China were determined using the newly developed method. SigmaPAHs, which is the sum of the concentrations of all detected PAHs, was 177.8 +/- 239.9 ng m(-3) (n = 64). The SigmaPAHs concentration in the heating season (305.1 +/- 279.0 ng m(-3), n = 33) was 7.2 times higher than that in the non-heating season (42.3 +/- 32.0 ng m(-3), n = 31). These strong seasonal variations in atmospheric PAH concentration are possibly due to coal combustion for residential heating in winter.     

Tradescantia micronucleus test indicates genotoxic potential of traffic emissions in European cities

Urban atmospheres contain complex mixtures of air pollutants including mutagenic and carcinogenic substances such as benzene, diesel soot, heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In the frame of a European network for the assessment of air quality by the use of bioindicator plants, the Tradescantia micronucleus (Trad-MCN) test was applied to examine the genotoxicity of urban air pollution. Cuttings of Tradescantia clone #4430 were exposed to ambient air at 65 monitoring sites in 10 conurbations employing a standardised methodology. The tests revealed an elevated genotoxic potential mainly at those urban sites which were exposed to severe car traffic emissions. This bioassay proved to be a suitable tool to detect local 'hot spots' of mutagenic air pollution in urban areas. For its use in routine monitoring programmes, however, further standardisation of cultivation and exposure techniques is recommended in order to reduce the variability of results due to varying environmental conditions.     

企业实用安全评价方法初探--一种简单易行的企业自我评价方法

分析了当前我国安全评价中存在的问题,探讨一种企业实用的安全综合评价方法.介绍该方法的评价原理、程序和步骤,总结该评价方法的功能、特点和适用范围,提出改进方向.     

非煤矿山安全评价方法探讨

介绍了非煤矿山安全评价的内容和方法,分析了目前评价方法的不足和缺陷,提出了一种新型非煤矿山安全评价方法,并结合湖北某石膏矿山安全评价的实例,阐述了这种评价方法的应用过程,最后对这种方法提出改进建议。     

初论环境信息污染及预防

从SARS所引发的社会现象分析,首次从环境角度对信息污染进行探讨,提出了环境信息污染的含义及特征。并针对环境信息污染的潜在危害性,论述治理环境信息污染应以预防为主。建议政府和个人逐步通过建立“信息墙”,使信息更加有序、有条理,以此来预防和减少环境信息污染。     

呼吸器标准中的泄漏率与实验室呼吸防护水平

结合国内外呼吸器最新标准中有关泄漏率与实验室呼吸防护水平的测试条件和方法,从基本概念和评价方法入手对比剖析了不同标准之间内容的差异.文中涉及的国内外标准主要有美国职业安全与健康研究所指定的系列化生放核呼吸器标准、欧洲EN 13274 - 1:2001、日本JIST8159:2006、中国GB 2626 - 2006和GB 2890 - 2009以及ISO/DIN 16900-1.2草案.通过对比分析不同标准之间在评价方法中采用的气溶胶种类、受试者人数、模拟动作种类及持续时间、采样方法、测试结果评价方法等具体内容,指出了我国呼吸器标准中泄漏率测试方法及相关标准发展中应注意的问题.     

含硫天然气净化厂硫化氢泄漏分析及对策

以川东北某含硫天然气净化厂为对象,通过分析该净化厂的处理工艺及可能造成泄漏的各种原因,确定了硫化氢泄漏危险较高的生产单元。通过工艺压力、流量、物料组分的比对,选取了脱硫单元原料气和硫磺回收单元酸性气作为模拟泄漏物料。对该厂所在地的气象条件和厂区的地形地貌进行了调查,净化厂当地近5年风速、云量统计表明低风速和多云为主导天气,将D1.5m/s作为模拟硫化氢泄漏扩散的典型气象条件。采用了美国石油学会(API)推荐地面粗糙度长度。运用PHAST软件计算了在典型气象条件下通过3种不同孔径泄漏1 min,5min和30min,形成的立即危及生命或健康(IDLH)范围。在典型气象条件下IDLH的下风向边界距离在41m至1190m范围内,以硫磺回收单元的大孔径泄漏为最远。以小孔泄漏为例模拟并讨论了风速、大气稳定度对硫化氢扩散的影响。为降低H2S泄漏风险提出了在线监测及联锁系统设置的要求,对避免和减少硫化氢中毒伤亡事故具有指导意义。     

北京市控制大气污染四期紧急措施环境有效性分析

对北京市控制大气污染的四期紧急措施进行量化,分别计算出各项控制措施实施后的排放削减量,建立排放清单.采用空气质量模型,模拟了紧急措施实施的各阶段市区内一次大气污染物SO₂、NO_x和PM10浓度的时空分布情况,分析和评价了四期紧急措施的环境有效性.结果表明,四期紧急措施对SO₂和NO_x的控制效果较好,PM10的环境浓度下降不明显.