陕西秦岭南麓316国道沿线地质灾害防治对策研究

穿越于秦岭南麓汉台区北部中低山区的316国道沿线地质环境条件复杂,地质灾害类型多样。每年汛期地质灾害频发,数百至数万方的危岩体常将路面掩埋,少则堵塞交通数小时,多则数天,过往车辆及行人的财产受到严重威胁。由于316国道为我国南北运输的重要通道,社会影响较大。为此,该文在汉台区1:50 000地质灾害详细调查项目的基础上,将316国道作为重点地段进行专题研究,分析316国道沿线地质灾害的类型、发育特征、成因,并提出了相应的防治对策。调查分析认为316国道沿线地质灾害类型主要为崩塌、滑坡和泥石流;孕育地质灾害发育的不稳定边坡坡型、坡向、坡高、宽度和厚度等决定地质灾害的发育特征;降雨和人类工程活动是地质灾害的主要诱发因素。最后,提出了以监测预警和卸荷减载、铺设柔性防护网、设置抗滑桩等为主的防治对策,为汉中市国土资源局汉台分局等相关部门地质灾害的防范提供决策与依据,也为公路沿线地质灾害的防治提供技术支撑。     

吉林省“十三五”期间污染物减排对策及建议

通过分析吉林省"十二五"期间总量减排取得的成效及存在的问题,提出吉林省"十三五"污染物总量控制政策及对策措施。此项研究是吉林省"十三五"规划前期研究的重要内容,对于吉林省今后的环境管理和总量控制规划的工作思路、发展方向的调整和转变,提高总量控制规划的可操作水平,促进新时期全省环境保护工作的开展方面都有借鉴意义。     

Phosphorus speciation and effects of environmental factors on release of phosphorus from sediments obtained from Taihu Lake,Tien Lake,and East Lake

Phosphorus is considered the primary nutrient limiting eutrophication. The release of phosphorus from sediments not only provides hydrophytes with essential nutrients, but can also produce entrophication in lakes. In this study, the sediment characteristics, phosphorus speciation, and environmental factors affecting phosphorus release from sediments from Taihu Lake, Tien Lake, and East Lake were investigated. The results indicated that phosphorus levels of sediments ranged from 647 ± 67 to 2343 ± 122 mg/kg. Inorganic phosphorus comprised the majority of total phosphorus. The main phosphorus speciation of sediments obtained from Taihu Lake and Tien Lake was Residual-P, and the main phosphorus speciation of sediment obtained from East Lake was NaOH-P. Phosphorus release occurred in acidic and alkaline conditions but more frequently under alkaline conditions. The amount of phosphorus released from the sediments increased as the disturbing intensity rose. In addition, less phosphorus was released in natural than anaerobic conditions. The amount of phosphorus released was elevated as temperature increased.     

Antimony leaching release from brake pads: Effect of pH,temperature and organic acids

Metals from automotive brake pads pollute water, soils and the ambient air. The environmental effect on water of antimony(Sb) contained in brake pads has been largely untested. The content of Sb in one abandoned brake pad reached up to 1.62 × 104mg/kg.Effects of initial p H, temperature and four organic acids(acetic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid and humic acid) on Sb release from brake pads were studied using batch reactors.Approximately 30%(97 mg/L) of the total Sb contained in the brake pads was released in alkaline aqueous solution and at higher temperature after 30 days of leaching. The organic acids tested restrained Sb release, especially acetic acid and oxalic acid. The p H-dependent concentration change of Sb in aqueous solution was best fitted by a logarithmic function. In addition, Sb contained in topsoil from land where brake pads were discarded(average9 × 103mg/kg) was 3000 times that in uncontaminated soils(2.7 ± 1 mg/kg) in the same areas. Because potentially high amounts of Sb may be released from brake pads, it is important that producers and environmental authorities take precautions.? 2015 The Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences.     

Vehicular volatile organic compounds losses due to refueling and diurnal process in China: 2010–2050

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are crucial to control air pollution in major Chinese cities since VOCs are the dominant factor influencing ambient ozone level, and also an important precursor of secondary organic aerosols. Vehicular evaporative emissions have become a major and growing source of VOC emissions in China. This study consists of lab tests, technology evaluation, emissions modeling, policy projections and cost-benefit analysis to draw a roadmap for China for controlling vehicular evaporative emissions. The analysis suggests that evaporative VOC emissions from China's light-duty gasoline vehicles were approximately 185,000 ton in 2010 and would peak at 1,200,000 ton in 2040 without control. The current control strategy implemented in China, as shown in business as usual (BAU) scenario, will barely reduce the long-term growth in emissions. Even if Stage II gasoline station vapor control policies were extended national wide (BAU + extended Stage II), there would still be over 400,000 ton fuel loss in 2050. In contrast, the implementation of on-board refueling vapor recovery (ORVR) on new cars could reduce 97.5% of evaporative VOCs by 2050 (BAU + ORVR/BAU + delayed ORVR). According to the results, a combined Stage II and ORVR program is a comprehensive solution that provides both short-term and long-term benefits. The net cost to achieve the optimal total evaporative VOC control is approximately 62 billion CNY in 2025 and 149 billion CNY in 2050.     

Assessment of potential soybean cadmium excluder cultivars at different concentrations of Cd in soils

The selection of cadmium-excluding cultivars has been used to minimize the transfer of cadmium into the human food chain. In this experiment, five Chinese soybean plants were grown in three soils with different concentrations of Cd (0.15, 0.75 and 1.12 mg/kg). Variations in uptake, enrichment, and translocation of Cd among these soybean cultivars were studied. The results indicated that the concentration of Cd in seeds that grew at 1.12 mg/kg Cd in soils exceeded the permitted maximum levels in soybeans. Therefore, our results indicated that even some soybean cultivars grown on soils with permitted levels of Cd might accumulate higher concentrations of Cd in seeds that are hazardous to human health. The seeds of these five cultivars were further assessed for interactions between Cd and other mineral nutrient elements such as Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn and Zn. High Cd concentration in soil was found to inhibit the uptake of Mn. Furthermore, Fe and Zn accumulations were found to be enhanced in the seeds of all of the five soybean cultivars in response to high Cd concentration. Cultivar Tiefeng 31 was found to fit the criteria for a Cd-excluding cultivar under different concentrations of Cd in soils.     

Toward rational design of amines for CO2 capture: Substituent effect on kinetic process for the reaction of monoethanolamine with CO2

Amines have been considered as promising candidates for post-combustion CO₂ capture. A mechanistic understanding for the chemical processes involved in the capture and release of CO₂ is important for the rational design of amines. In this study, the structural effects of amines on the kinetic competition among three typical products (carbamates, carbamic acids and bicarbonate) from amines + CO₂ were investigated, in contrast to previous thermodynamic studies to tune the reaction of amines with CO₂ based on desirable reaction enthalpy and reaction stoichiometry. We used a quantum chemical method to calculate the activation energies (E_a) for the reactions of a range of substituted monoethanolamines with CO₂ covering three pathways to the three products. The results indicate that the formation of carbamates is the most favorable, among the three considered products. In addition, we found that the E_a values for all pathways linearly correlate with pK_a of amines, and more importantly, the kinetic competition between carbamate and bicarbonate absorption pathways varies with pK_a of the amines, i.e. stronger basicity results in less difference in E_a. These results highlight the importance of the consideration of kinetic competition among different reaction pathways in amine design.     

黑龙江省大气污染防治思路研究

近年来,全国各地出现不同程度的雾霾天气,大气污染严重,黑龙江省部分城市大气也出现不同程度污染,本文通过分析导致大气污染的三个主要成因,即:气候条件不利于污染物扩散;煤炭消耗处于主导地位;机动车迅速发展.提出黑龙江省未来十年的大气污染防治思路和地区产业发展方向的几点建议,通过采取综合、系统的措施,完善大气污染治理制度和政策保障体系、建立分区管理、加强污染基础研究、发展绿色经济等多方面入手,冀希能够改善本省的空气质量.     

中国新型城镇化发展的“C 模式”研究

研究了以美国为首的发达国家城镇化的发展历程,称为“A模式”,主要特征为城市低密度蔓延、全民机动化、资源大量消耗、一次性产品泛滥、过度消费等,总结经验教训,对比中国特色城镇化的发展历程,称为“ B模式”,主要特点是起步晚、水平较低、速度快,从资源与环境的角度分析了中国城镇化发展状况以及面临的形势,指出中国继续以“B模式”的城镇化发展将不可持续,不再适应中国建设“新型城镇化”的发展目标和日益提高的环保要求,探索实现中国“新型城镇化”的发展目标的“C模式”,即是坚持以节约优先、保护优先、自然恢复为原则,走以新型工业化和农业现代化推动下的新型城镇化道路。     

混合酸浸提—原子吸收法测定土壤中铜

建立了混合酸浸提对土壤样品进行前处理,并运用空气-乙炔火焰原子吸收法(FAAS)分析土壤中铜的方法。结果表明:最佳前处理条件为混合酸HNO 3+HCl(1+1),浸提温度100℃,浸提时间120 min。该方法前处理简单,测定快速、结果准确,同时经多次进行加标试验验证,其结果样品测定相对标准偏差为2.2%,其回收率为95%~101%,方法可行,应用于土壤样品的微量元素分析。