Microalgae cultivation and culture medium recycling by a two-stage cultivation system

Nutrients and water play an important role in microalgae cultivation. Using wastewater as a culture medium is a promising alternative to recycle nutrients and water, and for further developing microalgae-based products. In the present study, two species of microalgae, Chlorella sp. (high ammonia nitrogen tolerance) and Spirulina platensis (S. platensis, high growth rate), were cultured by using poultry wastewater through a two-stage cultivation system for algal biomass production. Ultrafiltration (UF) or centrifuge was used to harvest Chlorella sp. from the first cultivation stage and to recycle culture medium for S. platensis growth in the second cultivation stage. Results showed the two-stage cultivation system produced high microalgae biomass including 0.39 g·L^–1Chlorella sp. and 3.45 g·L^–1S. platensis in the first-stage and second-stage, respectively. In addition, the removal efficiencies of NH₄⁺ reached 19% and almost 100% in the first and the second stage, respectively. Total phosphorus (TP) removal reached 17% and 83%, and total organic carbon (TOC) removal reached 55% and 72% in the first and the second stage, respectively. UF and centrifuge can recycle 96.8% and 100% water, respectively. This study provides a new method for the combined of pure microalgae cultivation and wastewater treatment with culture medium recycling.

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应用稳态模型计算中国南方地表水的硫沉降临界负荷

为了解我国地表水体对酸沉降的响应情况,应用基于酸度平衡的稳态模型计算我国南方地表水的硫沉降临界负荷.文中根据我国实际情况获得了计算地表水背景硫酸盐浓度的经验公式.结果表明,我国南方绝大部分地表水的硫沉降临界负荷大于2.0 keq·(hm²·a)^-1,对酸沉降不敏感.临界负荷小于2.0 keq·(hm²·a)^-1的水体主要为部分山地水体.除了这部分山地水体外,其余水体的现状S沉降都没有超过临界负荷,表明它们在短期内不会发生酸化.超临界负荷的地区分布和临界负荷类似,均表现为东南沿海的福建、广东和江西3省低于西南和华中地区.对模型结果的不确定性分析表明,只要模型参数的取值在合适的范围内,参数的不确定性对结果造成的误差较小,可以接受.     

中国地表水酸沉降临界负荷的区划

为了解中国地表水体对酸沉降的响应情况,应用基于酸度平衡的稳态法研究中国地表水酸沉降临界负荷区划.结果表明,中国地表水硫沉降临界负荷呈较明显的地带分布.其中,大兴安岭北端水体的硫沉降临界负荷最低,大部分小于2 keq·(hm²·a)^-1,东北北部部分水体和秦岭-淮河以南大部分地区水体的硫沉降临界负荷介于2～10 keq·(hm²·a)^-1之间,其余地区水体硫沉降临界负荷普遍大于10 keq·(hm²·a)^-1.地表水酸度临界负荷的地区分布和数值大小类似于硫沉降临界负荷由于中国地表水酸度临界负荷普遍大于2 keq·(hm²·a)^-1,因此大部分地表水对酸化并不敏感,近期内不易酸化.     

阳离子表面活性剂处理油田含聚合物废水

以7种常见的阳离子表面活性剂为絮凝剂,考察对海上某油田含聚合物废水的处理效果.实验结果表明:一定浓度时,十四烷基三甲基溴化铵和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵有很好的絮凝效果:阳离子季铵盐表面活性剂加入到含聚合物废水中后,先会与连续水相中的水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)发生静电中和作用,剩余的表面活性剂扩散至油水界面与界面处HPAM作用后破坏HPAM对油滴的稳定作用,从而达到絮凝效果;阳离子表面活性剂的加入量与含聚合物废水中HPAM的浓度密切相关.     

微砂+磁沉降快速除污工艺试验研究

为了探讨微砂在磁沉降快速除污工艺中的应用,设计了微砂和聚合氯化铝(PAC)的最佳组合试验,分析影响微砂在磁絮凝中絮凝效果的因素。结果表明:当微砂投加量为300 mg/L,PAC投加量为80 mg/L,磁场强度为300 mT,pH为6时,微砂在磁絮凝中具有最佳处理效果,对TSS、COD和TP去除率分别达到最大值93.66%、74.29%和89.10%。同时在投加微砂和磁沉降的共同作用下,水力停留时间仅为8 min。     

吉林省东部山区干旱时空特征

基于吉林省东部山区13个气象站点1958—2009年逐月降水量数据,采用标准化降水指数(SPI)作为干旱评价因子,对吉林省东部山区干旱程度及时空特征进行分析。在时间上,吉林省东部山区干旱具有持续性的特点,干旱出现的频率在增加。在空间上,发生轻旱的空间分布面积最广,安图县、和龙市、延吉市、龙井市、图们市、梅河口市、通化县和集安市的东南部这些地区轻旱、中旱、重旱的程度均较为严重。     

Collaborative control of fine particles and ozone required in China for health benefit

● Increased DAAO offsets 3/4 of the decrease of DAAP in 2013–2020. ● DAAO increases are mainly due to O₃ concentration increase and population aging. ● Health benefit from PM_2.5 reduction after 2017 is larger than that before 2017. ● Reducing PM_2.5 concentration by 1% results in 0.6% reduction of DAAP. ● Reducing O₃ concentration by 1% results in 2% reduction of DAAO. PM_2.5 concentration declined significantly nationwide, while O₃ concentration increased in most regions in China in 2013–2020. Recent evidences proved that peak season O₃ is related to increased death risk from non-accidental and respiratory diseases. Based on these new evidences, we estimate excess deaths associated with long-term exposure to ambient PM_2.5 and O₃ in China following the counterfactual analytic framework from Global Burden Disease. Excess deaths from non-accidental diseases associated with long-term exposure to ambient O₃ in China reaches to 579 (95% confidential interval (CI): 93, 990) thousand in 2020, which has been significantly underestimated in previous studies. In addition, the increased excess deaths associated with long-term O₃ exposure (234 (95% CI: 177, 282) thousand) in 2013–2020 offset three quarters of the avoided excess deaths (302 (95% CI: 244, 366) thousand) mainly due to PM_2.5 exposure reduction. In key regions (the North China Plain, the Yangtze River Delta and the Fen-Wei Plain), the former is even larger than the latter, particularly in 2017–2020. Health benefit of PM_2.5 concentration reduction offsets the adverse effects of population growth and aging on excess deaths attributed to PM_2.5 exposure. Increase of excess deaths associated with O₃ exposure is mainly due to the strong increase of O₃ concentration, followed by population aging. Considering the faster population aging process in the future, collaborative control, and faster reduction of PM_2.5 and O₃ are needed to reduce the associated excess deaths.     

落叶松混交林根际与非根际土壤养分、微生物和酶活性特征

近年来,落叶松(Larix gmelinii)纯林导致地力衰退和生产力下降现象引起了林业工作者广泛关注.为了揭示其地力变化的内在机理,对落叶松纯林、落叶松-水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)混交林和落叶松-蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)混交林中根际土与非根际土的pH值、土壤养分、土壤微生物和土壤酶活性进行了对比分析.结果表明:(1)与纯林相比,混交林能提高根际土与非根际土的pH值,增加土壤有机质、全N、速效N、全P、速效P的含量,尤其能明显增加N素含量;能使土壤微生物总量、细菌和放线菌的数量有所增加,而真菌数量却有所减少;能提高过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蛋白酶、多酚氧化酶和蔗糖酶的活性.(2)与非根际土比较,除混交林中根际土的速效P外,其它养分含量与土壤生物活性均增加.(3)落叶松-水曲柳混交林能显著提高土壤养分和土壤生物活性.这从一个侧面反映了混交能改善落叶松林地和根际土壤环境,为有效防止落叶松林地土壤退化提供了理论依据.     

含碳气溶胶研究进展：有机碳和元素碳

含碳气溶胶是我国大气区域性复合型污染的重要物种,对全球气候变化、辐射强迫、能见度、环境质量、人类健康等会产生重要影响.主要从含碳气溶胶来源及成因、环境影响、样品采集及测试等方面对国内外相关研究进行了评述,讨论了有机碳和元素碳研究中存在的关键和难点问题,并对其发展前景进行了展望.     

改性沸石同步深度脱氮除磷的实验研究

以氯化铝、硫酸镁为活性剂,采取高温活化,对天然沸石进行改性,并通过正交试验优化了改性工艺。以模拟二级出水为研究对象,考察了改性沸石同步去除水样中氮磷的效果及其影响因素,并对不同温度下改性沸石对磷酸盐和氨氮的吸附平衡和吸附热力学,以及脱氮除磷机理进行了探讨。结果表明,15 min后改性沸石脱氮除磷过程基本完成,其pH值范围与实际污水相符,最佳pH值为8;当投加质量浓度为0.8 g/L时,出水中氨氮浓度和总磷浓度均达到景观环境用水水质标准(GB/T 18921-2002)。改性沸石对氨氮和磷酸盐的吸附均符合Langmuir等温吸附方程。热力学参数ΔG⁰、ΔH⁰分别为正值和负值,表明该吸附是一个自发的吸热过程。