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961.
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963.
Rodolfo Salm Lisa Feder Mario Augusto Gonçalves Jardim Nefertiti Hass Euphly Jalles-Filho Ana Maria Costa 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2009,11(1):161-173
In a meeting between FUNAI (the Brazilian Indian National Foundation) and the Kayapo in the Kayapo village of Aukre, in October
2005, the Kayapo Indians requested support to increase the culture of coconuts (Cocos nucifera) in their lands. The introduction of exotic species is a cause of biological diversity loss throughout the world. However,
this is by no means applicable to all kinds of exotic species. We argue that the culture of coconuts may actually be a useful
tool for the conservation of this country’s indigenous lands, despite criticism to the contrary. It may also be useful as
source for raw material for the indigenous people who are presently experiencing a population boom. For the Kayapo of south-eastern
Amazonia, such a demographic explosion, coupled with their increasing dependence on money to purchase industrialized goods,
tend to substantially increase the pressure on their lands, which still contain a substantial amount of well-preserved seasonally-dry
Amazonian forests. We investigated the actual economic relevance of coconuts for the Kayapo by measuring human and coconut
populations and found that this exotic palm is not important for the subsistence of these Indians, due to coconut scarcity,
and that such importance is not forthcoming. In the Amazon, coconuts may be particularly useful for the Indians’ nutrition
due to the high energetic value of the solid endosperm of the mature fruit. Therefore, given the importance of indigenous
lands for the conservation of the Amazonian forests, the encouragement of subsistence coconut cultures in indigenous lands
is defensible as a measure for the conservation of biodiversity. 相似文献
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966.
Alvarenga P Palma P Gonçalves AP Fernandes RM de Varennes A Vallini G Duarte E Cunha-Queda AC 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2008,30(2):95-99
An acid metal-contaminated soil from the Aljustrel mining area (a pyrite mine located in SW Portugal in the Iberian Pyrite
Belt) was subjected to chemical characterisation and total metal quantification (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn). Water-soluble
metals were determined and a sequential extraction procedure was used to investigate metal speciation. Two bioavailable metal
fractions were determined: a mobile fraction and a mobilisable fraction. Soil ecotoxicity was studied using a battery of bioassays:
plant growth test and seed germination with cress (Lepidium sativum L.), earthworm (Eisenia fetida) mortality, E. fetida avoidance behaviour, luminescent inhibition of Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna immobilisation. Although the total content of Cu, Zn and Pb in the soil was large (362, 245 and 1,250 mg/kg dry matter, respectively),
these metals were mostly structurally bound (87% for Cu, 81% for Zn and 89% for Pb) and, therefore, scarcely bioavailable.
Nonetheless, the D. magna immobilization test using soil leachate showed an EC50 (48 h) of 36.3% (v/v), and the luminescent inhibition of V. fischeri presented an EC20 (15 min) of 45.2% and an EC20 (30 min) of 10.7% (v/v), suggesting a considerable toxic effect. In the direct exposure bioassays, E. fetida avoided the mine soil at the highest concentrations (50%, 75% and 100% v/v). At the same soil concentrations, cress showed
negligible growth. The results suggest the need to use a battery of toxicity tests, in conjunction with chemical methods,
in order to assess the quality of mine-contaminated soils correctly. 相似文献
967.
Maud C. O. Ferrari François Messier Douglas P. Chivers 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(7):1079-1083
A prerequisite for prey to show adaptive behavioural responses to predators is that the prey has the ability to recognise
predators as threats. While predator recognition can be innate in many situations, learning is often essential. For many aquatic
species, one common way to learn about predators is through the pairing of a novel predator odour with alarm cues released
from injured conspecifics. One study with fish demonstrated that this mode of learning not only allows the prey to recognise
the predatory cues as a threat, but also mediates the level of threat associated with the predator cues (i.e. threat-sensitive
learning). When the prey is exposed to the novel predator with a high concentration of alarm cues, they subsequently show
a high intensity of antipredator response to the predator cues alone. When exposed to the predator with a low concentration
of alarm cues, they subsequently show a low-intensity response to the predator cues. Here, we investigated whether larval
mosquitoes Culex restuans have the ability to learn to recognise salamanders as a threat through a single pairing of alarm cues and salamander odour
and also whether they would learn to respond to salamander cues in a threat-sensitive manner. We conditioned individual mosquitoes
with water or a low, medium or high concentration of crushed conspecific cues (alarm cues) paired with salamander odour. Mosquitoes
exposed to salamander odour paired with alarm cues and subsequently exposed to salamander odour alone responded to the salamander
as a threat. Moreover, the intensity of antipredator response displayed during the conditioning phase matched the response
intensity during the testing phase. This is the first demonstration of threat-sensitive learning in an aquatic invertebrate. 相似文献
968.
Pascaline Le Gouar Alexandre Robert Jean-Pierre Choisy Sylvain Henriquet Philippe Lecuyer Christian Tessier Fran?ois Sarrazin 《Ecological applications》2008,18(4):859-872
The success of reintroduction programs greatly depends on the amount of mortality and dispersal of the released individuals. Although local environmental pressures are likely to play an important role in these processes, they have rarely been investigated because of the lack of spatial replicates of reintroduction. In the present study, we analyzed a 25-year data set encompassing 272 individuals released in five reintroduction programs of Griffon Vultures (Gyps fulvus) in France to examine the respective roles of survival and dispersal in program successes and failures. We use recent developments in multi-strata capture-recapture models to take into account tag loss in survival estimates and to consider and estimate dispersal among release areas. We also examined the effects of sex, age, time, area, and release status on survival, and we tested whether dispersal patterns among release areas were consistent with habitat selection theories. Results indicated that the survival of released adults was reduced during the first year after release, with no difference between sexes. Taking into account local observations only, we found that early survival rates varied across sites. However when we distinguished dispersal from mortality, early survival rates became equal across release sites. It thus appears that among reintroduction programs difference in failure and success was due to differential dispersal among release sites. We revealed asymmetrical patterns of dispersal due to conspecific attraction: dispersers selected the closest and the largest population. We showed that mortality can be homogeneous from one program to another while, on the contrary, dispersal is highly dependent on the matrix of established populations. Dispersal behavior is thus of major interest for metapopulation restoration and should be taken into account in planning reintroduction designs. 相似文献
969.
Sophie Grima Véronique Bellon-Maurel Françoise Silvestre Pierre Feuilloley 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2001,9(1):39-48
A new test method is described for assessing biodegradation of plastic material under simulated soil conditions. An inert substrate can be activated with soil extract and nutrient and used in place of soil in biodegradation tests. The biodegradation level is evaluated by determining the carbon dioxide (CO2) production released by the test reactors. Effects of substrate nature, solution pH, nutrient composition, soil extract concentration, and activation duration on CO2 production were investigated, and the experimental conditions were optimized. Results obtained with cellulose showed a biodegradation rate of 80% within 28 days. Moreover, with this kind of substrate, reaction products and residues can be easily extracted and analysed. 相似文献
970.