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21.
Sediments are an ecologically important component of the aquatic environment and may play a key role in mediating the exchange of contaminants between particulate, dissolved, and biological phases. For a comprehensive assessment of potential sediment toxicity, the use of a single species may not detect toxicant with a specific mode of action. Therefore it is advisable to carry out ecotoxicological tests on a base-set of taxa utilizing test species belonging to different trophic levels. This paper describes the ecotoxicological evaluation of marine sediments from seven sites of Mar Piccolo estuary (Southern, Italy), four of them were located in the first inlet and three in the second inlet of Mar Piccolo estuary. Sediment samples from a site in Taranto Gulf were used as control sediment. Dunaliella tertiolecta, Tigriopus fulvus, Mytilus galloprovincialis, and Corophium insidiosum, were employed to identify the quality of sediments. The integration of biological tests results showed that all sampling sites located in the first inlet of Mar Piccolo were identified as toxic, according to all tests, while the sites of second inlet were found not toxic. The results obtained in this study indicate that the use of a battery of biological tests have important implications for risk assessment in estuarine e coastal waters. 相似文献
22.
Francesca Benzoni Daniela Basso Annalisa Caragnano Graziella Rodondi 《Marine Biology》2011,158(11):2419-2428
In Yemen, off the northwestern coast in the Gulf of Aden, the coralline algae Hydrolithon rupestre (Foslie) Penrose 1996 and H. murakoshii Iryu and Matsuda 1996 have been observed to overgrow and kill living Porites lutea Milne-Edwards and Haime, 1860. Similarly, Hydrolithon onkodes (Heydrich) Penrose and Woelkerling 1992 and H. rupestre were observed overgrowing Stylophora pistillata (Esper, 1797). Competitive interactions between P. lutea and H. murakoshii were monitored from 2006 to 2009 at two sites and showed an average linear growth of 8.3 (±1.9 SD) mm?year?1 over the coral. The small polyps of S. pistillata and P. lutea combined with putative chemical compounds produced by Hydrolithon spp. are likely to allow the coralline overgrowth. Although corallines can locally kill coral tissues, the CCA/coral interactions do not seem to affect the overall live coral cover at the study sites. 相似文献
23.
24.
R. Cervo Francesca R. Dani Stefano Turillazzi 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1996,39(5):311-316
The capacity to recognise a conspecific intruder was investigated in Parischnogaster jacobsoni, Liostenogaster flavolineata and L. vechti, three species of primitively social wasps of the subfamily Stenogastrinae. Results of behavioural experiments carried out
in the field showed that females of all three species react pacifically if presented with female nestmates, but aggressively
reject an intruder from a conspecific colony. As L. flavolineata and L. vechti both build large clusters of nests, often very close to each other, the recognition capacity among females from different
nests, but in the same conspecific cluster, was also investigated. Females of both species were more aggressive towards females
from a different colony in the same cluster than towards their female nestmates. Additional experiments on L. flavolineata showed that there was no difference in reaction towards females from colonies nearer or further from the tested colony but
within the same cluster, nor towards females from a different cluster. The capacity to recognise an alien conspecific nest
containing immature brood was investigated in P. jacobsoni. Adult females of this species, invited to land on an alien nest which had experimentally been exchanged for their own, accepted
the new nest and partially destroyed the immature brood. The behaviour of the females when they land on an alien nest, however,
suggests that they do recognise the nest as foreign. Acceptance of foreign nests coupled with low immature brood destruction
is probably due to the high energetic costs of egg-deposition and larval rearing in stenogastrine wasps.
These results suggest that nestmate recognition in these wasps is very efficient, even though they belong to the most primitive
subfamily of social wasps.
Received: 16 April 1996/Accepted after revision: 9 August 1996 相似文献
25.
Valeria CassonDavid George Lister Maria Francesca MilazzoGiuseppe Maschio 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2012,25(1):209-217
Loss of temperature control is one of the major reasons that can lead to runaway reaction. This occurrence is commonly named thermal runway. The aim of this paper is the application of thermal runaway criteria in order to predict the onset of runaway phenomena and define the range of stability related to operating conditions in the reactor, with specific reference to the esterification of acetic anhydride and methanol catalysed by sulphuric acid tested in isoperibolic conditions. The isoperibolic calorimeter has also been used to obtain thermodynamic, kinetic and physical chemistry data necessary to develop a model for the reaction. Some runaway criteria applied in this work require a model for the process, so a model for the analyzed system been developed.Because of the modest reaction enthalpy and low activation energy this reacting system provide a severe test to the runaway criteria.In this work, various runaway criteria have been applied to the experimental and simulated data and the results obtained have been compared. 相似文献
26.
Giansoldati V Tassi E Morelli E Gabellieri E Pedron F Barbafieri M 《Chemosphere》2012,87(10):1119-1125
In this study we evaluated the effect of different fertilizer treatments on Brassica plants grown on boron-contaminated sediments. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory and on the lysimeter scale. At laboratory scale (microcosm), five different fertilizers were tested for a 35-d period. On the lysimeter scale, nitrogen fertilization was tested at three different doses and plants were allowed to grow until the end of the vegetative phase (70 d). Results showed that nitrogen application had effectively increased plant biomass production, while B uptake was not affected. Total B phytoextracted increased three-fold when the highest nitrogen dose was applied. Phytotoxicity on Brassica was evaluated by biochemical parameters. In plants grown in unfertilized B-contaminated sediments, the activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and pyrogallol peroxidase (PPX) increased, whereas catalase (CAT) decreased with respect to control plants. Addition of N progressively mitigated the alteration of enzymatic activity, thus suggesting that N can aid in alleviating B-induced oxidative stress. SOD activity was restored to control levels just at the lowest N treatment, whereas the CAT inhibition was partially restored only at the highest one. N application also lowered the B-induced increase in APX and PPX activities. Increased glutathione reductase activity indicated the need to restore the oxidative balance of glutathione. Data also suggest a role of glutathione and phytochelatins in B defense mechanisms. Results suggest that the nitrogen fertilizer was effective in improving B phytoextraction by increasing Brassica biomass and by alleviating B-induced oxidative stress. 相似文献
27.
28.
Molecular mechanics, molecular dynamics and quantum mechanical tools have been used to explore the conformational space of (+)(3S,4S)-multifidene bioactive compounds. All the computations have been performed in the absence and presence of the solvent, simulated by the explicit introduction of a number of water molecules or by the polarized continuum model (PCM). Three conformational minima, both in vacuo and in water (simulated by PCM tool), have been confirmed at ab initio level of theory (B3LYP and MP2). All minima lie in a very narrow range of energy, and the interconversion between them is possible with a small amount of energy expense. 相似文献
29.
The changing state of contamination in the Lagoon of Venice. Part 1: organic pollutants 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
The Lagoon of Venice is a transitional environment suffering from industrial, urban and agricultural impact. Recently the mechanical clam fishing, preventing a regular deposition of sediments has made sampling of cores suitable for radiodating very problematic. Therefore, in this study, in order to assess temporal and spatial trends of contamination, the same sampling scheme was repeated three times over a 12-year period. The concentrations of PCBs, PAHs and organochlorine pesticides were measured in the uppermost 5 cm of sediments collected in 25 sites in the central portion of the lagoon during three campaigns conducted in 1987, 1993 and 1998. Analytical results, validated statistically, indicated that, while PCB and pesticide concentrations tend to decrease during the considered period of time, PAH do not, showing that the input rate of these compounds to the lagoon environment is still important. A spatial trend of pollution was also found in the lagoon for PCBs and pesticides, which decrease from the sources, namely the industrial zone and the mouths of rivers, to areas closer to the sea: a reduction up to 80% and 90%, respectively, was monitored. PAH contamination, originating chiefly from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, as inferred from ratios of congeners, was mainly located around the historical center of Venice, where most of the boat traffic is concentrated and has an increasing trend. 相似文献
30.
Francesca Rossi 《Marine Biology》2007,150(6):1073-1081
In intertidal sediments, burial and decomposition of macroalgal detritus can fuel the sediment of carbon (C) and nitrogen
(N), which can be either promptly mineralised or assimilated to enter the food web. This study investigates the transfer of
algal-derived C and N to the sediment and to the infauna feeding primarily on benthic diatoms. Thalli of Ulva spp. were 13C- and 15N-labelled in the mesocosm and frozen to create detritus. Thawed macroalgae were, then, buried in the sediment of an intertidal
sand-flat forming a mosaic of small patches (50 × 50 cm2) enriched with the macroalgae interspersed with bare sediment. The area was dominated by Corophium volutator and Hydrobia ulvae. The uptake of 13C and 15N was measured in the residual macroalgae, in the sediment and in those animals. Decomposition of detritus was rapid and after
4 weeks the residual biomass was 3% the amount added. Algal-derived 13C and 15N were moved to the sediment. The total amount of 13C and 15N retained in the sediment after completing the decomposition was 3.4 ± 0.5% 13C and 2.7 ± 0.6% 15N the amount decomposed. During the first 2 weeks more N than C was assimilated (1.7% 13C and 13.5% 15N). During the remaining two weeks, N was released from the sediment, while there was little accumulation of C (+6.4 ± 2.0
% 13C and −7.7 ± 3.8% 15N). At the end of the decomposition, animals were 15N- and 13C-labelled. Considering the total accumulation of label in the sediment, they accounted for 3.5 ± 1.8% 13C and 25.8 ± 12.9 % 15N. Similarly, considering the mass of the heavy isotopes gained (13C) or lost (15N) during the remaining 2 weeks, the animals accounted for 4.7 ± 2.1% of the 13C in excess and for 18.6 ± 9.1% of the 15N loss. The transfer of C and N to the sediment and to the surface deposit-feeders can be a relevant mechanism to remove the
excess of detritus from the sediment. 相似文献