Economists' opinions on environmental policy instruments: Analysis of a survey

Incentive instruments (effluent charges) are theoretically expected to be preferred to direct regulations (individual emission ceilings) by university-employed, theoretically inclined politically right-wing, professional economists living in a market-oriented country, ceteris paribus. Public sector employed, politically left-wing, professional economists living in a country with a long tradition of government involvement prefer the regulatory approach, ceteris paribus. These theoretical hypotheses tend to be supported by a bivariate probit analysis based on a survey of more than 1400 economists in five countries.     

Temperature and salinity adaptation in the purple shore crab Hemigrapsus nudus: An in vitro metabolic flux study with excised gills

The effects of temperature and salinity acclimation on intermediary metabolism in excised gill homogenates from Hemigrapsus nudus were examined. In general, a decrease in salinity was followed by an increase in the oxidation of the substrates glucose-1-¹⁴C, acetate-1-¹⁴C and glycine-¹⁴C to ¹⁴CO₂. Also, there was an increase in amino acid incorporation into the protein fraction. Both of these metabolic parameters were differentially temperature-sensitive. An enzymic model which may explain the increase in respiration rate observed in several intertidal invertebrates meeting an hypo-osmotic stress is proposed, using data from these experiments and also from the literature.     

Characterization of an Fe4S4 (‘P’) cluster containing species from the nitrogenase MoFe protein ofAzotobacter vinelandii

Dedicated to Prof. E. Fluck on the occasion of his 60^th birthday