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221.
Morton Lippmann 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(7):881-887
Exposures to airborne irritants such as O3, NO2, SO2 and H2SO4 can produce measurable changes in a variety of pulmonary functions such as respiratory mechanics, pulmonary gas exchange, mucociliary particle clearance, and airway permeability. The most commonly measured indices of pulmonary function are those obtained by analyzing flows and volumes during a maximal forced expiratory maneuver, because they can be obtained readily in both laboratory and field studies in humans. Other functional measures are essentially limited to laboratory studies on relatively small populations of humans, or on experimental animals. Interpretation of respiratory function changes in relation to exposures to airborne irritants is complicated by the large interindividual variability in baseline function and responsiveness, the superposition of both the transient effects of recent acute exposure and the cumulative effects of chronic exposure at any given measurement, and the inherent day-to-day variability of effort dependent indices. Furthermore, community exposures occur as mixtures. Each of several components may affect the same functions, but with different time scales, and may affect different segments of the population to different degrees. The greatest uncertainties lie in the significance of transient and apparently reversible effects, and their contribution, if any, to permanent functional changes. Use of animal models to study the role of transient changes in function on the development of permanent changes is illustrated in terms of the effects of H2SO4 on particle clearance function. 相似文献
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Al Nasir F Jiries AG Batarseh MI Beese F 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2001,66(3):253-263
Sixty home made wine and sixty-four grape samples were collectedfrom five territories in Jordan, where grapes and wine aremostly producted. The collected samples were analyzed for themost used organochlorine pesticides (OCP) and organophosphorouspesticides (OPP) in Jordan, as well as for four heavy metals(Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb). The results showed that OCPs residues weredetected in 73% of the wine samples but no OPPs residue weredetected which is due to generally shorter half life of thelater pesticide. Grapes showed higher incident of contaminationthan wine, however, OCPs and OPPs with both short and longhalf-lives were detected. The OPPs were detected in only8.3% of the analyzed grape samples. Heavy metals showed higher valuesin grapes than in the wine samples and it was attributed toremoval of solids during wine preparation processes or throughcontamination of wine during storage. Most of the samples werebelow toxic limit. 相似文献
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Detlev Kayser Ulrich R. Boehringer Friedrich Schmidt-Bleek 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1982,1(3):241-255
Thousands of chemicals are on the market, but only in a few exceptional cases is it known where these chemicals remain in the environment and what effects they are able toexert in correlation to their environmental concentration. In addition to monitoring the actual concentrations of chemicals in the environment, it is necessary to establish an environmental specimen banking program which will, in the future, make possible the retrospective monitoring of chemicals. The feasibility of such a program is being studied in a joint U.S.-German pilot project. The German project is described here, including its organizational structure, technical and scientific considerations, and methods of specimen selection. 相似文献
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