种间关系预测(ICE)模型在水质基准研究中的应用

水质基准研究主要是基于物种的实验室测试的毒性数据开展的。对于一些毒性数据相对缺乏的化学品,水质基准研究就会受到一定的影响。本文从水质基准研究方法的角度,阐述了种间关系预测(ICE)的基本原理和基本方法,系统介绍了ICE模型的毒性预测方法在水质基准研究中的应用,并通过锌的ICE案例研究证明了模型在中国的可利用性。同时,对ICE模型的不确定性和适用性进行了分析。最后,对ICE模型存在的问题和未来的发展方向进行了探索和展望。     

双酚A与其替代品对黑斑蛙急性毒性的比较

双酚F(BPF)和双酚S(BPS)作为双酚A(BPA)替代品广泛使用,然而有关BPF和BPS的毒性数据非常有限。采用系列浓度的BPA、BPF、BPS溶液,暴露黑斑蛙胚胎和蝌蚪96 h,通过半致死浓度(LC50)、最小生长抑制浓度(MCIG)和致畸率等指标比较3种化合物的急性毒性。结果显示:100 mg·L-1BPS未导致黑斑蛙胚胎及蝌蚪畸形和死亡。BPA和BPF对黑斑蛙胚胎的96h-LC50分别为7.68 mg·L-1和7.99 mg·L-1,MCIG分别为4.47 mg·L-1和4.77 mg·L-1,最大致畸率为33.33%;对蝌蚪的96 h-LC50分别为9.00 mg·L-1和9.52 mg·L-1。依据《化学农药环境安全评价准则》的毒性分级标准,判定BPA和BPF的毒性等级为中毒,BPS的毒性等级为低毒。表明BPF急性毒性与BPA相当,BPS急性毒性低于BPA。本研究数据可为BPF、BPS作为BPA替代品的生产和使用以及相应的环境管理提供毒理学参考。     

AMD对岩溶区旱地土壤理化性质及土壤酶活性的影响

煤矿开采产生的酸性矿山废水（ AMD ）已导致周边土壤受到了严重的污染。以贵州典型的喀斯特地区旱地土壤为研究对象,通过添加不同污染浓度的AMD,模拟AMD持续污染下,岩溶区旱地土壤pH、Eh、EC、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、SO2-4以及脲酶、微生物量的变化情况,进而评价AMD持续污染对岩溶区旱地土壤的影响。结果表明：随着AMD污染程度的持续增加,土壤Mn、Zn及脲酶活性在较低污染程度下急剧升高,在较高污染程度下则又显著降低,其中土壤Zn、脲酶活性随AMD浓度增加达到极显著水平（ p﹤0.01）;土壤pH有明显下降趋势（ p﹤0.01）,总体维持在6.5以上的较高水平;土壤Eh、EC、Fe、Cu、SO2-4随AMD污染程度的增加呈显著、极显著的增大趋势（ p均﹤0.05）;土壤微生物量则随AMD污染程度的增加呈显著的降低趋势（ p﹤0.05）。综上表明,AMD的持续污染将对岩溶区煤矿周边的旱地土壤造成严重的影响。     

Vehicular volatile organic compounds losses due to refueling and diurnal process in China: 2010–2050

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are crucial to control air pollution in major Chinese cities since VOCs are the dominant factor influencing ambient ozone level, and also an important precursor of secondary organic aerosols. Vehicular evaporative emissions have become a major and growing source of VOC emissions in China. This study consists of lab tests, technology evaluation, emissions modeling, policy projections and cost-benefit analysis to draw a roadmap for China for controlling vehicular evaporative emissions. The analysis suggests that evaporative VOC emissions from China's light-duty gasoline vehicles were approximately 185,000 ton in 2010 and would peak at 1,200,000 ton in 2040 without control. The current control strategy implemented in China, as shown in business as usual (BAU) scenario, will barely reduce the long-term growth in emissions. Even if Stage II gasoline station vapor control policies were extended national wide (BAU + extended Stage II), there would still be over 400,000 ton fuel loss in 2050. In contrast, the implementation of on-board refueling vapor recovery (ORVR) on new cars could reduce 97.5% of evaporative VOCs by 2050 (BAU + ORVR/BAU + delayed ORVR). According to the results, a combined Stage II and ORVR program is a comprehensive solution that provides both short-term and long-term benefits. The net cost to achieve the optimal total evaporative VOC control is approximately 62 billion CNY in 2025 and 149 billion CNY in 2050.     

西安市近郊土壤肥力调查与评价

通过监测土壤肥力评价常用的有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、有效磷、速效钾、p H等7项评价指标,对西安市近郊4个方位的土壤肥力进行了评价。结果表明:在西安市近郊的4个方位上,土壤中p H值普遍在8.5左右,显略碱性;有机质的含量普遍处于稍缺状态,北郊的有机质含量相对比较丰富,最高为2.64%;全氮含量相对较好,全钾含量均处于较缺状态,北郊的全钾含量较高,为4.17 g/kg;全磷含量均处于0.66 g/kg左右,属中等状态;有效磷含量处于中等含量水平,南郊较低,平均为7.3 mg/kg,最低至3 mg/kg;速效钾含量东郊为37.93 mg/kg,含量较少,处于较缺状态,其余3个郊区均处于稍缺状态。     

高效降解青霉素菌的筛选鉴定及降解效果研究

从哈尔滨制药总厂的青霉素发酵药渣中富集筛选出6株青霉素耐受菌株,经驯化后,采用高效液相色谱法检验其对青霉素的降解效率,经比较得到一株青霉素高效降解菌株,编号为JZ6。青霉素浓度300 mg/L,30℃,p H6.7,121 r/min条件下恒温震荡培养24 h后,在青霉素做唯一碳源情况下,青霉素几乎不被降解,外加碳氮源后降解率可达到99.98%。对其进行电镜扫描和16SrDNA序列分析,鉴定其属于洋葱伯克霍尔德菌属(Burkholderia cenocepacia),16SrDNA序列长度为1451bp,在Gen Bank登录号为KF826288。     

Absorption and recovery of n-hexane in aqueous solutions of fluorocarbon surfactants

n-Hexane is widely used in industrial production as an organic solvent. As an industrial exhaust gas, the contribution of n-hexane to air pollution and damage to human health are attracting increasing attention. In the present study, aqueous solutions of two fluorocarbon surfactants(FSN100 and FSO100) were investigated for their properties of solubilization and dynamic absorption of n-hexane, as well as their capacity for regeneration and n-hexane recovery by thermal distillation. The results show that the two fluorocarbon surfactants enhance dissolution and absorption of n-hexane, and their effectiveness is closely related to their concentrations in solution. For low concentration solutions(0.01%–0.30%), the partition coefficient decreases dramatically and the saturation capacity increases significantly with increasing concentration, but the changes for both are more modest when the concentration is over 0.30%. The FSO100 solution presents a smaller partition coefficient and a greater saturation capacity than the FSN100 solution at the same concentration,indicating a stronger solubilization for n-hexane. Thermal distillation is a feasible method to recover n-hexane from these absorption solutions, and to regenerate them. With 90 sec heating at 80–85°C, the recovery of n-hexane ranges between 81% and 85%, and the regenerated absorption solution maintains its original performance during reuse. This study provides basic information on two fluorocarbon surfactants for application in the treatment of industrial n-hexane waste gases.     

Distribution of chlorpyrifos in rice paddy environment and its potential dietary risk

Chlorpyrifos is one of the most extensively used insecticides in China. The distribution and residues of chlorpyrifos in a paddy environment were characterized under field and laboratory conditions. The half-lives of chlorpyrifos in the two conditions were 0.9–3.8 days (field) and 2.8–10.3 days (laboratory), respectively. The initial distribution of chlorpyrifos followed the increasing order of water < straw < soil, and soil was characterized as the major absorber. The ultimate residues in rice grain were below the maximum residue limit (MRL) with a harvest interval of 14 days. The chronic exposure for chlorpyrifos was rather low compared to the acceptable daily intake (ADI = 0.01 mg/kg bw) due to rice consumption. The chronic exposure risk from chlorpyrifos in rice grain was 5.90% and 1.30% ADI from field and laboratory results respectively. Concerning the acute dietary exposure, intake estimated for the highest chlorpyrifos level did not exceed the acute reference dose (ARfD = 0.1 mg/kg bw). The estimated short-term intakes (ESTIs) were 0.78% and 0.25% of the ARfD for chlorpyrifos. The results showed that the use of chlorpyrifos in rice paddies was fairly safe for consumption of rice grain by consumers.     

Trends of the sunshine duration and diffuse radiation percentage on sunny days in urban agglomerations of China during 1960–2005

The long-term observational data of sunshine duration (SD) and diffuse radiation percentage (defined as diffuse solar radiation/total solar radiation, DRP) on sunny days during 1960–2005 were analyzed in 7 urban agglomerations and the whole of China. The results show that the sunny sunshine duration (SSD) has decreased significantly except at a few stations over northwestern China in the past 46 years. An obvious decrease of the SSD is found in eastern China, with the trend coefficients lower than − 0.8. Accompanied by the SSD decline, the sunny diffuse radiation percentage (SDRP) in most stations shows obvious increasing trends during the 46 years. The averaged SDRP over China has increased 2.33% per decade, while the averaged SSD shows a decrease of − 0.13 hr/day per decade. The correlation coefficient between SDRP and SSD is − 0.88. SSD decreased over urban agglomerations (small to large city clusters) in the past 46 years, especially in large cities and medium cities, due to the strong anthropogenic activities and air pollution represented by aerosol option depth (AOD) and tropospheric column NO₂ (TroNO₂). On the regional scale, SSD has an opposite trend from SDRP during 1960 to 2005, and the variation trends of regional mean values of SSD and SDRP in southeastern China are more pronounced than those in northwestern China.