颗粒物上十溴联苯醚的光降解反应

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一类全球性的有机污染物,由于其持久性、毒性和潜在的生物累积性而备受关注.商业上主要使用的是十溴联苯醚(BDE-209),但是环境中检测出大量的较低溴代联苯醚,有可能来源于环境中BDE-209的光化学降解.研究在自行设计的光降解反应装置中,以太阳光和紫外灯(主波长为365 nm)为光源,对负载在硅胶和氧化铝上的BDE-209进行照射实验.光照6 h后发现,负载在硅胶上的BDE-209(0.2 mg·g-1)在太阳光照射下,半衰期为35 min,而在紫外灯下仅为10 min;在紫外灯照射下负载在硅胶和氧化铝上的BDE-209(0.4 mg·g-1)的半衰期为18 min.在不同光源或颗粒物中,BDE-209都发生了脱溴反应,生成较低溴代产物.暗反应表明,负载在硅胶和氧化铝上的BDE-209都没有发生光降解.这些结果表明,吸附在颗粒物气溶胶上BDE-209的光降解反应,可能是环境中BDE-209的一个重要归趋,同时,其产物可能是环境中低溴代联苯醚的一个重要来源.     

Modelling tritrophic interactions mediated by induced defence volatiles

Many plant species defend themselves against herbivorous insects indirectly by producing and releasing induced volatiles to attract natural enemies of the herbivores. In this paper, we consider the recruitment of natural enemies attracted by plant-induced volatiles and introduce the An–Liu–Johnson–Lovett model into the Lotka–Volterra model in an attempt to add this missing vital link in tritrophic interaction. Increase in attraction strength of plant-induced volatiles to the natural enemy leads to high fluctuation amplitude of plant biomass and herbivore population. When the attack strength of natural enemies reaches a certain level, fluctuation amplitude of plant biomass and herbivore population will decrease and plant biomass will approach to its environmental carrying capacity. The simulation demonstrates that plant volatile compounds induced by insects have led to the introduction of a third tritrophic level, e.g., natural enemies, into the plant–herbivore system, resulting in the coexistence of plants, insects, and natural enemies during the evolution process.     

化学品测试GLP实验室考核评估体系研究

通过对国内外实验室认可工作的分析比较,提出了我国化学品测试GLP实验室的考核评估体系框架构成的3条原则:趋同性、高标准和可操作性。笔者认为我国化学品测试GLP实验室考核评估体系应包括:实验室认可管理办法、认可准则、认可程序、认可后扩充项目的程序、评审细则、评审员管理办法、认可申请书、评审报告。并对该体系的具体构成进行了阐述。      

厌氧消化-A/O-臭氧催化氧化-BAF工艺处理农药废水生化出水的中试研究

采用“厌氧消化-A/O-臭氧催化氧化-BAF”组合工艺对某农药企业污水处理站生化出水进行中试研究。中试装置设计处理规模为12 t/d,进水水质主要指标： COD为214~346 mg/L,ρ（NH₃-N）为8~35 mg/L,TN为65~108 mg/L。经组合工艺处理后,出水COD为51.2~71.4 mg/L,ρ（NH₃-N）为2.4~6.8 mg/L,TN为13.6~19.2 mg/L,出水水质可达到江苏省《化学工业主要水污染物排放标准》（DB 32/939-2006）中的一级标准。整套工艺对进水具有较强的耐冲击负荷能力,可适应难降解、高氮废水,具有较好的经济效益。     

黄山风景区第四纪冰川遗迹的景观特征与保护措施

黄山是我国著名的风景名胜区及世界重要的人类自然和文化遗产,具有观赏游览、科学研究及文化艺术活动等功能。为了实现旅游经济与生态环境的协调和可持续发展,提出了在黄山风景区内划分特殊自然及人文景观保护小区的观点,并划出第四纪冰川遗迹、花岗岩石林地貌、泥炭藓沼泽、松林及温泉等景观生态保护小区。主要探讨黄山风景区第四纪冰川遗迹景观生态保护小区的分布、特征及保护措施。     

Liberation characteristic and physical separation of printed circuit board (PCB)

Recycling of printed circuit board (PCB) is an important subject and to which increasing attention is paid, both in treatment of waste as well as recovery of valuable material terms. Precede physical and mechanical method, a good liberation is the premise to further separation. In this study, two-step crushing process is employed, and standard sieve is applied to screen crushed material to different size fractions, moreover, the liberation situation and particles shape in different size are observed. Then metal of the PCB is separated by physical methods, including pneumatic separation, electrostatic separation and magnetic separation, and major metal contents are characterized by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Results show that the metal and nonmetal particles of PCB are dissociated completely under the crush size 0.6mm; metal is mainly enriched in the four size fractions between 0.15 and 1.25 mm; relatively, pneumatic separation is suitable for 0.6-0.9 mm size fraction, while the electrostatic separation is suitable for three size fractions that are 0.15-0.3mm, 0.3-0.6mm and 0.9-1.25 mm. The whole process that involves crushing, electrostatic and magnetic separation has formed a closed cycle that can return material and provide salable product.     

华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米种植模式碳足迹研究

农业碳足迹理论可以系统评价农业生产过程中人为因素引起的碳排放,是构建低碳农业的理论基础,对实现低碳农业其有重要的指导意义.为探明农业生产中的碳足迹,本文基于河北吴桥县农户生产调查数据,利用农业碳足迹理论及研究方法,评价了华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米两熟种植模式的碳足迹.结果表明:冬小麦-夏玉米种植模式碳足迹的大小为1 737.37±337.02 kgCe/hm2·a,生产1 kg粮食的碳成本是0.12±0.03 kgCe,其中冬小麦的碳足迹是1 101.31±251.91 kgCe/hm2·a,小麦的碳成本是0.16±0.04kgCe/kg,夏玉米的碳足迹是636.06±163.90 kgCe/hm2·a,玉米的碳成本是0.08±0.02 kgCe/kg.冬小麦-夏玉米种植模式碳足迹的组成中,化肥占总量的61.76％,电能占25.03％,柴油占7.44％,种子占4.75％,农药占1.02％.同时,发现N肥的施用量和电能消耗量均与碳足迹有正相关性,种植规模与碳成本有负相关性.因此,构建节肥、节水及规模化的低碳种植模式是实现华北平原农业节能减排的重要途径.     

Occurrence of arsenic in brown rice and its relationship to soil properties from Hainan Island, China

The acquaintance of arsenic concentrations in rice grain is vital in risk assessment. In this study, we determined the concentration of arsenic in 282 brown rice grains sampled from Hainan Island, China, and discussed its possible relationships to the considered soil properties. Arsenic concentrations in the rice grain from Hainan Island varied from 5 to 309 μg/kg, with a mean (92 μg/kg) lower than most published data from other countries/regions and the maximum contaminant level (MCL) for As_i in rice. The result of correlation analysis between grain and soil properties showed that grain As concentrations correlated significantly to soil arsenic speciation, organic matter and soil P contents and could be best predicted by humic acid bound and Fe-Mn oxides bound As fractions. Grain arsenic rises steeply at soil As concentrations lower than 3.6 mg/kg and gently at higher concentrations.     

封闭式循环水养殖系统水处理效率及半滑舌鳎养殖效果分析

测定了封闭式循环水生产性半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther)养殖系统和流水养殖系统各水处理单元水质指标以及鱼的生长、免疫和消化指标.结果表明,封闭式循环水养殖系统经过25 d的运行,生物滤池出水NH4+-N、NO2--N、PO34--P、COD及SS浓度显著低于养鱼池中NH4+-N、...     

基于Fluent的甲苯蓄热燃烧过程的数值模拟

利用Fluent软件对甲苯在蜂窝陶瓷蓄热体中的蓄热燃烧过程进行数值模拟研究,确定模拟计算所需的网格精度,并计算分析蓄热体孔道直径、燃烧温度、甲苯入口浓度、人口流速对甲苯转化率的影响.结果表明,在较高入口流速条件下,蓄热体孔道直径对甲苯转化率影响较大.随着燃烧温度的升高、甲苯入口浓度和人口流速的降低,甲苯转化率会增大.当...