中国生物质废弃物利用现状分析

中国是一个能源资源稀缺的国家,而随着中国经济的发展,我们对能源的需求量越来越大.因此,如何充分有效地利用好中国现有能源资源,显得十分重要.生物质能是一种可再生能源,中国的生物质废弃物资源十分丰富,包括森林能源、农作物秸秆、禽畜粪便、生活垃圾等等,这些废弃物资源若能很好的利用,不但能有效的减少环境污染问题,还将会有助于缓解中国的能源危机.中国的生物质废弃物利用技术起步较晚,但也取得了一些比较突出的科研成果,主要有沼气技术、生物质固化成型技术、生物质气化技术、生物柴油技术等.     

Environmental assessment of laser assisted manufacturing: case studies on laser shock peening and laser assisted turning

Laser assisted manufacturing processes, when compared with traditional manufacturing processes, have the potential to reduce cost, increase surface resistance to wear and fatigue, extend part/tool life, and expand the range of manufacturable materials. These processes have found niche applications in automotive, aerospace, and defense industries. However, very limited research has been conducted to evaluate and compare the environmental performance of laser assisted processes with traditional methods. This paper conducts case studies on two representative laser based processes, i.e. laser shock peening of 7075-T7351 Aluminum and laser assisted turning of compacted graphite iron. Life cycle assessment is used to benchmark the environmental performance of these two processes to conventional processes, i.e. shot peening and turning, respectively. The life cycle inventory of both the laser based processes and conventional processes are developed using SimaPro 7.1 and the Ecoinvent 2.0 database and life cycle impact assessment is performed using US EPA TRACI. The results of this study show that the environmental performance of the two laser based processes is significantly better than conventional processes. For laser shock peening of aluminum, contribution analysis indicates that this is mainly due to the significant extension of fatigue life of the workpiece being treated. For laser assisted turning of compacted graphite iron, the improved performance is mainly due to the extended tool life since cutting tool manufacturing is an energy intensive process. Development of high-power laser with a lower wavelength (e.g. direct diode system) could eliminate the use of paint in laser assisted turning. This, along with improved wall plug efficiency, makes laser assisted turning even more environmentally benign compared to conventional process. A brief cost analysis suggests that both laser shock peening and laser assisted turning can be economically viable with payback period less than three years for niche applications.     

曝气生物滤池处理医院污水的实验应用研究

采用曝气生物滤池与二氧化氯相结合的工艺处理医院污水。主要对曝气生物滤池去除COD、氨氮的效果进行了研究,并且在实际应用中证明了用这种相结合的处理方法具有一次投资小、运行费用低、年经济效益高等优点,有良好的技术经济性。     

热/自然交变环境下玻璃纤维增强SiO2气凝胶复合材料模拟使役工况试验研究

目的 研究装备动力舱在热/自然交变环境下玻璃纤维增强SiO2气凝胶复合材料性能随模拟使役工况试验时间的退化规律,提升装备动力舱热/自然交变环境效应控制水平。方法 以玻璃纤维增强SiO2气凝胶复合材料为研究对象,以湿热、盐雾和高温试验为热/自然交变环境试验谱,以振动试验为加速因子,开展5个周期的实验室模拟使役工况加速试验,对比分析样件初始状态和每一个周期试验后的性能。结果 经模拟使役工况试验后,玻璃纤维增强SiO2气凝胶复合材料的颜色由白色逐渐变成黄色,SiO2气凝胶含量逐渐减少,纤维元素组成变化不明显,导热系数升高,隔热性能下降,且均在4周期模拟使役工况试验后出现明显变化。结论 玻璃纤维增强SiO2气凝胶复合材料经5个周期的模拟使役工况试验后,其常温导热系数仅为0.026 4 W/(m.K),热面温度为200 ℃时,冷面平均温度仅为68.5 ℃,热/自然交变温差为43.5 ℃,具有良好的环境适应性。     

Conservation for the landscape ecological diversity in Wulingyuan scenic area of China

Wulingyuan is located at the mountainous area of the middle reach of the Yangtze River,it is one of the three nature heritages in China which ranks in the “List of Worls‘s Heritage”by UNESCO.It is characterized by quartz sandstone peaks landform with several landform components(pattern,corridor)and rich in landscape ecological diversity and biodiversity.The main patterns(ecosystem)include mid-height mountain peaks,rift-avlley and streams among peaks,peaks and gullies on slopes,square mountain-platforms and peaks among blind valleys and so on.The corridor system consists of natural corridors and artificial corridors among which the stream corridors account for a major part.The fracturing of habitat is unfavorable for the biodiversity conservation,but meanwhile the habitat diversity leads to an increase in biodiversity.Therefore,it is still rich in landscape ecological diversity in Wulingyuan.The biodiversity at the level of landscape component(ecosystem) and the function of the Wulingyuan complex ecosystem,and the measures for the biodiversity conservation in Wulingyuan ecotourism area are discussed in this paper.     

布托别山金成矿带构造特征

布托别山金矿带为新疆多拉纳萨依金矿田的西矿带.其构造作用主要经历三期:早期,区域右旋剪切形成一类规模较大的同斜、紧闭、倾竖型褶皱;中期,左旋剪切形成一套由“B”型转换成“A·B”过渡型系列柔性褶皱;晚期,在左旋剪切条件下,产生滑劈理群和微观变形,并叠加于前两期构造之上.构成一条特别醒目的NNW向脆-韧性剪切带。金矿化体严格受这一剪切带控制.     

社会发展与环境资源冲突的典型案例——济南市生活垃圾填埋处置场选址问题研究

用冲突分析理论分析了社会发展与环境资源冲突的典型案例——济南市生活垃圾填埋处置场的选址问题,预测了这一冲突的发展,研究设计了解决这一冲突问题的处理方案．     

中国的环境政策效应与污染治理效果分析

在简述环境政策和管理制度改革的基础上,对基产生的效应进行了分析,主要包括：经济改革促进了环境保护;环境保护新举措初见成效,但污染治理任务仍然十分艰巨。通过对各省区环境治理投资效果分析,提出未来环境政策和治理应该在以下几个方面加强：（１）重新设计环境影响评价和“三同时”制度,将它们与污染物总量控制战略结合起来（２）改善排污收费制度,由超标收费向排污收费转变;由单一浓度收费向浓度与总量相结合转变;由单     

工业固体废物容量总量控制的研究

针对工业固体废物如何进行容量总量控制的问题,在研究工业固体废物中有毒有害物质污染迁移转化规律的基础上,提出了相对工业固体废物中有毒有害物质进入大气、地表水体、地下水和在生物体内积累的相对容量总量控制概念,并探讨了城市或区域工业固体废物容量总量控制的确定方法