含酚废水处理新技术及其发展前景

随着石油化工、塑料、合成纤维、焦化等工业的迅速发展,排向环境的各类含酚废水也相应增加.由于酚的毒性大,并具有致癌、致畸、致突变的潜在毒性,近年来引起了广大研究人员的重视.鉴于清除或降解水中的酚类污染物,不仅涉及水生生物及陆生植物的生长繁殖,更涉及到人类及陆生动物的食品饮水安全,因此,研究含酚废水的高效处理技术,对保护环境具有极为重要的意义.本文在介绍了含酚废水的主要来源及其危害之后,就近年来含酚废水处理新技术-光催化技术、超声氧化技术、超临界水氧化技术等的发展现状进行了阐述,并提出了当前含酚废水处理技术的发展前景及方向.     

氧化沟污水处理技术在炼油厂的实际应用

本文简明地阐述了氧化沟污水处理技术的工艺原理及特点，着重指出了该工艺中溶解氧实时控制的重要性，使沧州炼油厂污水处理效果有了明显提高     

Alternating shortcut nitrification-denitrification for nitrogen removal from soybean wastewater by SBR with real-time control

A novel treating technology for nitrogen removal from soybean wastewater was studied. The process for nitrogen removal was achieved by alternating aeration and mixing, combined with real-time control strategies.Results showed that the COD and total nitrogen removal rates are more than 90% and 92% at COD and total nitrogen loads of 1.0- 1.2 kg COD/(kgMLSS. d) and 0.20- 0.27 kg TN/(kgMLSS. d), respectively. In addition, it could improve sludge settling property. SVl value is less than 70 g/ml during the whole cycles. The method not only may be adapted to treat soybean wastewater with high nitrogen, but also may be applied to treat other high nitrogen wastewater.     

天津地区霾天气特征研究

基于2014~2017年天津地区PM_2.5质量浓度，能见度和相对湿度监测数据开展霾天气特征研究.结果表明：天津中度以上霾过程分为五类：高压后部型，北部弱高压型，低压槽型，均压场型和锋前低压型.在现行标准下，中度霾一般对应重度污染天气，重度霾对应重度到严重污染天气；五级重度污染天气一般有中-重度霾发生，六级严重污染天气有重度霾天气发生.2013年“大气污染防治行动计划”开展以后，天津PM_2.5质量浓度和霾日均显著减少，2017年相比2013年霾日减少了55%，中度及其以上霾日由2013年的41d下降到2017年的20d，下降幅度超过50%.基于实况监测的PM_2.5质量浓度，能见度和相对湿度，可以较好的构建区域能见度计算方程.统计数据显示，其估算的能见度和实况值相关系数为0.94，相对误差为18.6%，非霾日辨识准确率为85%，霾日辨识准确率为95.6%，轻微霾辨识准确率为83%，轻度霾辨识准确率为78%，中度霾辨识准确率为93%，重度及以上霾辨识准确率为94%，对于判断霾等级，有较强的适用性.将该方程与空气质量模式结合开展霾等级预报，2015~2017年24h预报产品检验显示：能见度预报值与实况值相关系数为0.75，预报均值13.9km，实况均值14.1km，相对误差为29.6%，FAC2（预报值在实况值两倍范围内百分比）为98.1%，霾日预报准确率81.4%，霾日漏报率18.6%，霾日空报率20.6%，如果容错1级，轻微霾日预报准确率为96%，轻度霾日预报准确率为85%，中度及以上霾日预报准确率为69%，可有效支撑天津霾等级预报的开展.     

垃圾渗滤液污染地下水中硫酸盐还原菌种群结构多样性分析

实验样本取自上海老港垃圾填埋场两处受垃圾渗滤液和海水双重污染的地下水监测井.通过PCR扩增异化型亚硫酸盐还原酶(Dissimilatory sulfite reductase,DSR)基因,建立dsrAB基因克隆文库,用系统发育分析的方法研究了两口污染程度不同的地下水监测井水样中硫酸盐还原菌(Sulfate-reducing bacteria,SRB)的种群结构.结果表明,Desulfobacter-aceae在两口地下水监测井G和I井中均占主导地位(分别为40.5%和49.0%),在海水混入比例更高、污染程度更重的I井文库中有40.6%类Desulfobacteraceae克隆子具有嗜盐或适盐性,相比较,G井中有31.0%克隆子具有嗜盐或适盐性.实验还发现,I井中次优势菌群是Syntrophobacteraceae(30.9%),而G井中次优势菌群是Desulfobulbaceae(29.8%).表明海水混入比例和污染程度的不同会导致地下水系统中SRB的种群结构差别.研究结果也体现了老港地下水系统特殊的物理化学环境导致了其与国内外其它垃圾填埋场地下水中主要SRB种群的差别.图2表2参18     

反硝化除磷的影响特性试验

采用SBR反应器(厌氧/缺氧/好氧工艺),分别研究了乙酸盐及硝酸盐浓度变化对反硝化除磷的影响特性。试验结果表明,当进水COD浓度>230mg/L时,乙酸盐浓度的变化对释磷、除磷速率等影响并不显著。在硝酸盐浓度<30mg/L时,硝酸盐浓度越高,缺氧段除磷速率也就越高。在C/P>23,C/N>5条件下,SBR系统对磷、氮去除率在90%以上。     

淀粉废水处理工艺选择

针对淀粉废水的特性 ,通过大量实验 ,提出合理的处理工艺 ,在实际运行中取得了较好的处理效果 ,节省了占地和建设投资     

Wet air oxidation of nitrobenzene enhanced by phenol

Simultaneous nitrobenzene and phenol wet air oxidation was investigated in a stainless autoclave at temperature range of 180-220 degrees C and 1.0 MPa oxygen partial pressure. Compared with the single oxidation of nitrobenzene under the same conditions, the presence of phenol in the reaction media greatly improved the removal efficiency of nitrobenzene. The effect of temperature on the reaction was studied. Phenol was considered as a type of initiator in the nitrobenzene oxidation.     

Fungal laccase-catalyzed degradation of hydroxy polychlorinated biphenyls

Hydroxy polychlorinated biphenyls (hydroxy PCBs) are toxic metabolites of PCBs. Their toxicity such as strong endocrine disruption demands effective remediation methods. Laccases from Trametes versicolor and Pleurotus ostreatus were tested to degrade hydroxy PCBs. Optimum pHs for both enzymes were around 4.0. Laccase from T. versicolor degrades hydroxy PCBs more rapidly than that from P. ostreatus. The enzymatic activities remained little changes in up to 10% organic solvents, but decreased rapidly in more than 10% acetone, acetonitrile or DMSO. Degradation rate constants decreased with increase of chlorination and no degradation was observed with tetra-, penta- and hexa-chloro hydroxy PCBs in non-mediated reactions. However, the tetra- to hexa-chloro hydroxy PCBs were degraded by laccase from T. versicolor in the presence of the mediator 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxy radical. The other mediators, 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonic acid) diammonium salt and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole and humic acid, also enhanced degradation of all the hydroxy PCBs except 4-hydroxy-2',3,3',4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl. The results showed that 3-hydroxy biphenyl was more resistant to laccase degradation than 2- or 4-hydroxy analogues. Significant linear-correlations (coefficient of determination, r2 = 0.9097 and 0.8186 for laccases from P. ostreatus and T. versicolor, respectively) were found between the ionization potentials and the removal rate constants of hydroxy PCBs.     

缓冲带在农业非点源污染防治中的应用

论述了缓冲带防治非点源污染的机理和效果，分析了影响缓冲带功能的各个因素。缓冲带能有效地控制土壤与土壤养分的流失，其建设与管理在整个生态环境建设中具有重要地位，目前国内外的研究主要集中于缓冲带对径流中营养物质氮和磷的吸收上，对较大区域环境水质影响的研究不曾多见。为达到防治非点源污染的更好效果，应对缓冲带的设计及各种缓冲带合理配置与布局作更深入的研究，并要与水土保持措施相结合。