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901.
酸雨对生态环境的影响已成为全球性的重大环境问题,本文在总结了世界酸雨现状、酸雨的生态危害、酸雨对土壤系统的影响及生态系统酸沉降敏感性等方面研究现状的基础上,对各方面的研究进展、存在的问题及发展趋势进行了评述和展望,并提出了若干研究方向及进一步研究需要注意的问题。 相似文献
902.
We performed an experimental study to quantify the critical conditions for the mobilization of small pools of dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) that may form at capillary-heterogeneity boundaries. A series of experiments were conducted in columns packed with uniform sands arranged to create capillary heterogeneities. DNAPL pools readily formed in these packings and were more easily mobilized than trapped DNAPL ganglia. A model was developed to describe the critical conditions for DNAPL pool mobilization. Pool mobilization was expected when a dimensionless pool trapping number N(T)p> 1 while mobilization was observed in our experiments when N(T)p>0.76+/-0.16 (+/- 95% confidence interval). The difference between the model prediction and the experimental observations was attributed to experimental error. Using this model for DNAPL pool mobilization, a simple numerical experiment was conducted to illustrate use of the model and to explore the effect of scale on the critical conditions for pool mobilization. With an increase in system scale flow bypassing around the DNAPL pool increased and the system-averaged conditions for the onset of mobilization changed: a greater system-average Darcy flux or lower interfacial tensions were required for DNAPL pool mobilization. This result illustrates the importance of system scale on mobilization of DNAPL pools in systems with capillary heterogeneities. 相似文献
903.
以城市污水厂回流污泥中的硝化细菌(氨氧化细菌和亚硝酸盐氧化细菌)为受试生物,HgCl2为标准毒性物质,通过对两组实验--氨氧化速率实验(NH 4-N→NO-2-N)和亚硝酸盐氧化速率实验(NO-2-N→NO-3-N)的研究表明,氨氧化细菌对HgCl2的灵敏度(IC50=0.034 mmol/L)明显高于亚硝酸盐氧化细菌(IC50=0.20 mmol/L).氨氧化速率法测试活性污泥活性时,使用NH 4-N或NO-X-N指标需要120 min或更长的时间,但使用NO-2-N指标仅需30 min就可完成测试,而且结果重现性要比NH 4-N和NO-X-N好,其变异系数CV为5.9 %. 相似文献
904.
Persistence of carbofuran in marine sand and water 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Marine sand and seawater samples were collected in March 2002 from Laysan Island in the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge, where a small area was contaminated by the carbamate insecticide carbofuran. Carbofuran was still detected at microg g(-1) levels in the Laysan sand after its identification in 1998 and initial observation of the toxicity in 1988. The persistence of carbofuran in the marine sand was investigated in the dark in a 30 degrees C oven, and in distilled deionized water and seawater samples exposed to artificial 300 nm light and to direct sunlight. The laboratory study showed a half-life (t1/2) of approximately 40 days for carbofuran in the native sand and in Ottawa sand. The photolysis of carbofuran was faster in seawater than in distilled deionized water when it was exposed to 300 nm light (t1/2, 0.1 vs. 3.1 h) and to direct sunlight (t1/2, 7.5 vs. 41.6 h). The large difference between the laboratory results and the field observation of carbofuran dissipation suggests that carbofuran degradation at the remote, undisturbed marine site may be governed by its unique environmental factors. 相似文献
905.
906.
907.
Daily average concentrations of fine and coarse particulates, and TSP samples have been measured simultaneously at daytime and night-time periods by using Universal and PS-1 sampler in a suburban area of central Taiwan from June to August 1998. The samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry to determine the fine and coarse particulate concentrations of metallic elements (Ca, Fe, Mn, Pb, Cu, Zn and Cr). The concentration of PM2.5 and TSP showed a decreased trend for the daytime period. The fine particle concentrations were about two times as that of coarse particulate concentrations. The averaged fine particulate concentrations at daytime are higher than at night-time. Ca and Fe were mostly in the coarse particulate mode. The correlation coefficients were 0.63 and 0.69 for elements Ca and Fe in the coarse particle mode for day and night periods. Pb showed a similar distribution ratio with Mn for the fine to coarse particle ratios at both day and night period. Pb and Mn are highly correlated for the day (R = 0.78) and night period (R = 0.61) at particle size <2.5 microm. Cu and Zn were mainly in fine particles at both day and night period. Fe and Ca consist of the major parts of all the elements. Elemental Mn is the lowest among the rest of the heavy metals. 相似文献
908.
Sorption and desorption hysteresis of 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene, naphthalene, and phenanthrene were investigated for the Borden aquifer material with total organic carbon of 0.021% and the isolated natural organic matter (NOM). The isolated NOM is a kerogen type of organic matter with relatively low maturation degree and contained many different types of organic matters including vitrinite particles. The modified Freundlich sorption capacities (logK′f and logK′foc) are very close for the sorption of the four solutes by the isolated NOM and the original sand, respectively. Isotherm non-linearity (n value) and hysteric behaviors are related to solute molecular properties (e.g. Kow and molecular size). Kerogen encapsulated by inorganic matrices in the original aquifer may not be accessed fully by solutes. The larger the hydrophobic organic chemical (HOC) (hydrophobic organic contaminant) molecule is, the lower accessibility of the HOC to kerogen. This study disputes widely held hypothesis that sorption to mineral surfaces may play a major role in the overall sorption by low TOC (e.g. 0.1% by mass) geomaterials such as Borden sand. It also demonstrates the importance of the condensed NOM domain, even at very low contents, in the sorption and desorption hysteresis of HOCs in groundwater systems. 相似文献
909.
对原水处理剂S絮凝剂进行了大鼠急性毒性和90d喂养试验。S絮凝剂大鼠经口半数致死量雄性为8710mg/kg,B.W.,雌性为10965mg/kgB.W.,属实际无毒类物质。90d喂试验结果表明,剂量≥0.8%,时对大鼠生长发育,血液学、生化学及病理组织学等各项指标水见有不良影响,S絮凝剂最大无作用剂量为0.8%,相当于实际作用量的1000倍。 相似文献
910.
海拔是影响物种多样性格局的决定性因素之一,对生态系统格局与过程起着重要作用。运用回归分析、相关分析、Duncan多重比较和Pearson相关系数检验对岷山北坡高海拔2300—2900 m草本群落特征、群落初级生产力及不同植物功能群进行分析。结果表明:样地共调查出草本植物20科35属44种,菊科、百合科和蔷薇科的物种数分别占总物种数的比例为25%,14%和11%,表现出明显的优势性。草本群落的生物量均与海拔梯度的相关性不显著(P>0.05),且随海拔升高均表现出先增后减的总体趋势;植物盖度、物种丰富度、密度均与海拔表现出极显著负相关关系(P<0.001),而植物高度与海拔表现出极显著正相关关系(P<0.01)。从功能群的角度分析,随着海拔梯度的不断升高,禾本科、菊科以及杂类草3个植物功能群的叶碳含量(LCC)和根碳含量(RCC)整体呈上升趋势;叶磷含量(LPC)整体都呈下降趋势,而禾本科的根磷含量(RPC)呈上升趋势,菊科和杂类草表现出先升后降的趋势;叶氮含量(LNC)禾本科呈下降趋势,菊科呈上升趋势,杂类草呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,根氮含量(RNC)禾本科和杂类草的呈上升趋势,而菊科表现出先上升后下降的趋势。研究结果初步揭示了岷山北坡不同海拔梯度草本植物群落特征及其生物量的变化特征,以及物种多样性和主要植物功能群碳、氮、磷元素在海拔梯度上的分布差异,为今后岷山北坡草本群落分布格局和生物地球化学循环的研究提供科学依据。 相似文献